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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factors that affect the archaeological record |
Artifact: object made or modified by ppl Ecofact: natural object used or affected by ppl Feature: non portable material remains from human activity (eg house)
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Artifacts enter archaeological record |
Acquisition Manufacture Use Deposition |
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Transform archaeological record |
- natural - cultural |
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Fieldwork |
Chance/accident Use of doc sources Salvage Archaeological Surface survey Subsurface techniques |
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Relative dating methods |
- stratigraphy - seriation - geochronology (horizontal stratigraphy) |
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Absolute dating methods |
- calendar - obsidian hydration - dendrochronology (tree dating) - geomagnetism - radiocarbon dating (decay of isotopes) - accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) - potassium argon dating+ |
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Archaeological data |
Artifacts Ecofacts Features Sites Refions |
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Interpretation |
Experimental archaeology Ethnoarchaeology Ethnographic analogy |
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Objective of archaeology |
Past environments Past diets Tech data Settlement patterns Social organization (size, age, gender, hierarchy, trade) World ideology/ view |
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Mechanisms of change |
Innovation Diffusion Acculuration Adaptation to environmental change |
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Trace of human behaviour |
Lower palaeothilic (2.6 - 200 MYA) Middle (200- 40 KYA) Upper (50- 10 KYA) |
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Flaked stone tools |
- percussion flaking vs pressure - direct percussion vs indirect - retouch |
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Oldowan tool tradition |
4 types: Manuports Hammerstones Core tools Flakes
Functions: Contect Use wear Experiment
Made by homo habilis (2.3-1.6 mya) |
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Acheulean tool tradition |
- 1.8-200mya - africa, europe, south asia - handaxes - homo habilis meat eatera |
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Mousterian tool tradition |
- more flake tools, fewer core tools - main tool types: sidescrapers, points, denticulates - no bone tools, more wood |
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Site types |
Mouths of caves Open air sites Structure some (simple tents) |
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Subsistence |
Plants Abundant animal bones Stable isotope (high meat consumption) |
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Burials |
Europe and near east Belief in afterlife? Goods questionable Small graves |
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Neanderthal |
Middle paleolithic hominin - special adaptation to cold, high energy Cognitive advances Complex settlement pattern(slow change) Extinct 35 kya, 5kya spread |
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Upper paleolithic period |
Increasingly specialized stone tool More complex organic industry More frequent composite tools Complex settlement pattern Complex dwellings Population density Social gatherings Stylistic variation in tools Hunting herd animals Personal adornment Long distance trade Art Indications of rituals |
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Peopling of the America |
Migration after pleistocene (ice age) Across beringia Alaska (10 kya) Ice free corridor Coastal route Clovis tradition 13 kya |
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Setting the stage for agricultural origin |
Holocene: env unstable change rapidly Sea level rose Cold dry to warm wet |
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Broad spectrum collecting |
Europe mesolithic Americas archaic |
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Origins of agriculture |
Agriculture: subsistence based on domesticated plants and animals Domestication: taming of wild plants and animals Neolithic (earliest food production cultures) |
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How did agriculture begin |
Oasis hypothesis Natural habitat hypothesis Population pressure hypothesis Recent hypotheses |
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Consequences of food production |
Adoption of agriculture by neighboring groups Dramatic population increase Environment altered Health deterioration Increase social stratification Increase sedentism Tech increase Long distance trade increase Elaboration of ritual and ceremony |
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State trait list |
Cities Centralized accumulation of wealth Writing Large public buildings Monumental architecture Development of sciences Sophisticated art Craft specialisation Long distance trade |
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Uruk |
First state Plough and irrigation 4th millennium 3500 - 3000 bce: attributes of states come together 10000 ppl and 9km wall Temple 21 m high 7500 person yrs to build |
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Theories for origin of state |
Irrigation Population pressure Trade Warfare Multifactor approach |
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Collapse of civilization |
Environmental change / disaster Warfare Internal factors eg social unrest |
