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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language
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• Symbolic system used to label an environment
o Words serve as symbols • Transmitted through learning & enculturation (women play a big part in this) • Based on arbitrary term, learned associations between words & the things they represent • Needs to be understood in social & cultural context • Integrate part of human behavior • Relays thoughts, feelings, intentions, desires • Links interlocutors |
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Culture
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• Acquired knowledge people use to interpret their world & generate & interpret the behavior of others
• Arbitrary categories: (not understood the same way in all cultures) o Kinship o Race o Sexuality o Marriage o Norms o Values • System of interrelated parts • Static v. dynamic • Static o Isolated, traditional groups in defined, closed spaces • Dynamic o Internal & external influences |
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Linguistics
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• Scientific study of language
o Language structure o Analytical o Remote data collection (lab setting) |
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Linguistic Anthropology
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• Speech use
• Language, society, & culture • Basic skills of linguistics • Fieldwordk: 1st hand data collection o Participant observation (Boas, Malinowski) o Interpreters o Consultants (informants) • Should be fluent & active participants |
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2. Language Uses
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• Situational
o Forms occur only in certain contexts • Social o Linguistic alternatives; pronunciation; jargon • Cultural o Symbolic; evaluative |
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• “the gem can’t without friction, not man perfected without trial.”
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Confucious
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• “don’t follow the path. Go where there is no path & begin the trail.”
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Ashanti (culture in West Ghana)
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• “you can’t cross the river without getting wet.”
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African
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• “He who smiles rather than rages is always the stronger.”
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Japanese
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• “single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch.”
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Japanese
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• Loud thunder brings little rain
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• Native American (quiet & patient)
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Semantic Domains
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• Areas of meaning, related to a specific topic
• Cultural emphasis |
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Lexical specialization
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• jargon
• abstract thinking o describing ideas or something that isn’t present |
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5. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis/ linguistic relativity
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the linguistic relativity principle (also known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) is the idea that the varying cultural concepts and categories inherent in different languages affect the cognitive classification of the experienced world in such a way that speakers of different languages think and behave differently because of it.
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frames
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• Similar to idea of worldview
• Words we use create & are used within frames • Impose restrictions o Hypocognition • Affect how we think about & interact with the world around us o Taxes as a burden or… o Taxes as “community maintenance fees” • Racial stereotypes Katrina “Looters” or “finders” |
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Boas
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o Expression of alternate system needs to be seen form the inside
• Linguisitic relativity • Cultural relativity • Expressions of alternative systems |
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phonology
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study of language sounds
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Morphology
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structure of words
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syntax
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rules forward word order & word categories
phrase structure rules |
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Prosodic Features
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1) stress
2) intonation 3) pitch 4) duration |
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deaf culture
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American Sign Language
Primes (elements of signs that correspond to sounds) Elements of signs corresponding to phonological elements of spoken language hand shape placement mov't finger spelling |
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nonverbal communication
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process of transmitting messages without spoken words
Established, regulate & maintain interpersonal relationships modify verbal messages 60% of our messages overrides speech |
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proxemics
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social use of space.
term coined by Edward Hall culture, ethnicity, space |
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Edward Hall
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4 distance zones
INtimate 0-1.5 personal 1.5-4 social 4-12 Public 12+ |
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kinesics:
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study communication with body mov'ts, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, winks, brows
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Hockett's Design Features
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1) Vocal/auditory channel
2) Broadcast Transmission/directional reception 3) rapid fading 4) interchangeability 5) total feedback 6) specialization 7) semanticity 8) arbitrariness 9) discreteness 10) displacement 11) productivity 12) traditional transmission 13)duality of patterning |
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Unique to humans
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1) displacement: talking about things that aren't present
2) productivity: allows us to understand sentences never heard before 3) traditional transmission: 4) duality of patterning: combo of discreteness & productivity |
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isolating
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• limited morphemes (smallest unit of sound that has meaning)
• English • Specific combination rules |
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agglutinating
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(combining morphemes
• many morphemes; specific rules • Turkish, Inuit |
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synthetic
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• many morphemes; complex combinations
• Walpiri o Compound words? |
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lingua franca
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common second language
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pidgin
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develop in contact situations
incomplete language simplified language reduced lexicon ltd. subject matter never a mother tongue hard to place on family trees host's grammar intruder's lexicon rarely beyond a generation or 2 |
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creole
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develop from pidgins
plantations, more stable speech, communities complete language grammar elaborated lexicon expanded (using superstrate) subject matter broadened can be first language often seen as bad version of 'lexifier' language may perist long-term, become standardized |
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dialects
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shared, unique characteristics of their speech
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langage acquisition
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