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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neo-evolutionism |
interaction between technology and environment looking for causal explanations and generalization cannot see full history so we have to be scientific in nature |
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Leslie White |
Culturology Role of energy |
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Leslie White's Energy |
*amount of energy a group harnesses is equal to how complex they are *technology is a critical factor that affects other things *internal resources- education/leadership/ universal across culture *external resources- food, shelter, and protection/ vary (account for cultural differences) * nonethnocentric, scientific method of accurately assessing cultural complexity |
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Leslie White's Culturology |
*culture is independent of the individual *technological-basic energy input/course of change *sociological- institutions/family/law/economics *Ideational- attitudinal "value system" |
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Julian Steward |
*Multi-linear evolution *Idea of culture types vs core *Cultural ecology
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Julian Steward's Multi-linear Evolution |
*evolutionary adaptation to environment *different subsistance strategies create different social forms *all cultures change overtime *culture core- techno economic strategies and adaptations |
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Julian Steward's Cultural Ecology |
*culture is the sum of adaptations that human societies make to a challenging environment *must react to environment- react thru culture *study of relationship between humans, environment and culture |
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George Peter Murdock |
Statistical methods on cultural data HRAF files |
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Neo-Materialism |
Ecological Materialist approach - society analyzed by food production and consummation, adaptive societies are in equilibrium with environment, environment is seen as an agent Neo-Marxist- colonialism & struggle between resources |
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Morton Fried |
*Political Evolution *Focus on structure itsself *All societies pass through the same stages |
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Morton Fried's Political Evolution |
*Egalitarian-equal access to resources *rank- positions of value are limited *stratified- members of same sex and status dont have same access *state- bloodless entity |
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Marvin Harris |
Cultural Materialism Dimestone anthropology |
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Marvin Harris' Cultural Materialism |
*based on infrastructure- production and reproduction *infrastructure- production: drive subsistance, ecosystem, tech and work patterns *structure- etic behavioral domestic and political economy:kinship, labor, exchange and consumption *superstructure- codes of social order, ritual, taboos, art, music, dance |
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Roy Rappaport |
Cultural ecology Culture as a feedback system |
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Roy Rappaport's Cultural ecology |
*Culture interacts with environment and is a feedback system *works to achieve and maintain equilibrium *interested in caloric and protein consumption, stress, energy expended, demography, carry capacity |
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Eric Wolfe |
Concepts of peasant Marxian approach |
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Eric Wolfe's peasant |
*Part and parcel of history- complex global network- petty farm workers- become major factor in world economy *Communities are heterogeneous- not closed corporate communities- exposed to media |
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Claude Levi Strauss |
Totemism Alliance Theory Structuralism |
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Strauss' Totemism |
*identified with lands and animals not ancestors *universalist- childish mentality *particularist- functional/emotional attachment *strauss says its a metaphoric system |
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Strauss' Alliance theory |
*incest taboo- link between nature and culture *requires men to establish alliances with other men *establish descent and inheritance
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Strauss' Structuralism |
*Study of human cognition and processes. collective conscious. *works through contrast. binary oppositions to create structure *Mythemes- find opposition, retell myth in simple form and find primary social message |
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Ethnoscience/Cognative Anthropology |
*Culture must be defined as a standard unit of analysis. Need clear boundaries. Theory of culture by understanding all cultures first. *Principles of order are universal. Infinitely applied. Scientific means of analysis need defining *How natives receive their reality. Inside out. Eliciting natives. Inductive approach *access to mind through language. attempt to reproduce cultural reality as it was perceived and lived by natives |
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Ward Goodenough |
Componential analysis- create hierarchies of meaning
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Harold Conklin
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*Color categories
*all have ability to discriminate color *vocabulary affects perception of color |
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Allen Johnson
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Reductionism and Cultural ecology
land use study of indians |
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Charles Frake
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*schemas- general prototype generated by culture *knowledge is linked and networked (patterned)
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Stephen Tyler |
Approach is formal modes of cultural logic. Our culture sets up initial framework and we fill it in- experiences flesh it out |
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E.O. Wilson |
Sociobiology- see culture as an attribute of biology |
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Sally Slocum
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Man "the hunter" thesis
*created basis of society- eliminate competition between men and women *Alternate way- unit of mother and children are greater than men *etic perspective |
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Eleanor Leacock
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* Gender relations today are result of contact between indigenous and modern culture- tainted culture
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Mary Douglas |
Symbolic theory- Bridge between structuralism (structure/universal pattern/etic) and symbolic anthropology (content and meaning/cultural identity/emic) |
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Mary Douglas' Social Pollution |
*Danger pressing on external boundaries (Pearl Harbour/911) *Danger pressing on internal boundaries (political system) *Danger in the margins of the lines (poverty, race, middle class) *Danger from internal contradiction (private ballot, homeland security watching us, police brutality) |
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Edward Evans-Pritchard |
An interpretive approach focus on history anthropology as a humanity |
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Victor Turner |
Symbolic anthropology "transactionalism" |
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Victor Turner'sSymbolic anthropology |
*mulitvocalic- many voices and separate *polysemic- meanings are layered, connected and can be unpacked |
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Turner's symbolic properties |
*Condensed= many things and many actions in oneunit
*Unifies Disparate Phenomena= qualities andconnections that don’t always go together *Polarize Meaning= 2 areas: ideology and social |
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Turner's symbolic meanings
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*Exegetical meaning= emic perspective
*Operational meaning= seeing how people use it *Positional meaning= relationship to othersymbols in the system |
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Turner's Transactionalism
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*study of ritual process *relationship between individual and group through symbols *rites of seperation>limen>reincorporation |
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Turner's liminality |
no distinction between status and individuals- stripping down |
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Turner's communitas |
egalitarian harmony- direct unstructured experience of others. complete union in moments of tragedy |
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Clifford Geertz |
Interpretive anthropology postmodernism |
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Geertz's interpretive anthropology |
*Can’t get to meaning by only interviewing native *Interaction between emic and etic *Insiders not fully aware of their own meaning *Discourse- thick description ( layered interaction)- webs of significance *“imaginative insight” – read them like a text |
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Post Modernism |
*total rejection of grand theory *rejection of notion of completeness in ethnography *embodiment of reflexivity (not neutral) *extreme form of relativism-no truth *empowered to be aware of using native voices |
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Pierre Bourdieu
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Habitus practice theory |
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Bourdieu's practice theory |
*overcome opposition between practice and theory *culture is unthinkable without language *anthropologist studies event>deceotion>native representation/objectification>deception> anthropologist objectification
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Bourdieu's habitus |
*different accounts but similar *intersubjective- modes of action/culture is normal *individual matters |
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Reynato Rosaldo |
positionality- experiences affect the way we understand (emotions) affective culture |
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Leslie White's Law of Evolution |
*All cultures progress or develop over time fromsimple to complex
*Cultures change because human instinct is toincrease abundance (security/pleasure) of life *Change occurs when amount of energy investedincreases (efficient technology or # of humans) |
