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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who conducted Fruit fly experiments? |
Thomas Hunt Morgan |
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He shared the same theory with Charles Darwin. He also co-wrote The Origin of Species? |
Alfred Wallace |
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Who introduced Natural Selection? |
Charles Darwin |
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Who created Uniformitarianism? |
Charles Lyell |
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Who visited the Galapagos Islands? |
Charles Darwin |
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Who discovered that two species sharing the same ecological niche cannot coexist over a long period of time? |
George Gause |
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Who Founded demography: only some will find enough food to survive? |
Thomas Malthus |
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Who coined the term biology? |
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
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Who discovered Particulate Inheritance? |
Gregor Mendel |
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After meiosis how many chromosomes are in each of the resulting cells? |
23 |
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Explain 5 steps of the Scientific Method. |
observation, hypothesis, experiment, data |
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Name two types of Genetic Drift |
Population bottlenecks & founder effect |
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What is Population bottlenecks |
Occur when a population's size is reduced for at least one generation. |
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What is the founder effect |
Limited diversity of parental gene pool, creates a new gene pool with even less diversity |
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How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have? |
23 |
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Who created the theory of Uniformitarianism? |
Charles Lyell |
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What is the random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in smaller population. |
genetic drift |
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How many chromosomes does a human have? |
46 laid end to end would stretch to 6 feet |
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How many replications and cell divisions during meiosis? |
1 replication and 2 cell divisions |
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Gametes undergo which type of replication? |
meiosis |
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What is the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another? |
gene flow |
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If replication is in meiosis the cells are? |
gametes |
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How many gametes daughter cells after meiosis? |
4 |
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The Nitrogen Base in DNA is comprised of what elements? |
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
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The last pair of chromosomes #23 is called? |
sex chromosomes |
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What is the purpose of Meiosis? |
sex reproduction |
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DNA is composed of what Nucleotides? |
phosphate, sugar molecules,nitrogen base nitrogen base - Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine |
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What is Uniformitarianism? |
The principle that present geological processes are the key to past events in Earth's history. |
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What is the name of the first 22 chromosomes in a human? |
autosomes |
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What is a zygote? |
An organism starts life as a single cell, called a Zygote.
Which then produces identical copies of itself many, many times.
A single human zygote eventually results in more than 10 trillion cells, each having the same DNA. |
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What is a phenotype? |
The physical expression of a trait
Tt - genotype Tall, Short - phenotype |
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What is Gause 's Law? |
Gausian competition. two species sharing the same ecological niche cannot coexist over a long period of time. one species will eventually prove more successful than the other. The less successful species will face extinction |
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What is a deme? |
a population in which members not only share biochemical compatibility but also geographical proximity |
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What are the gene types? |
Homozygous Dominant TT Heterozygous Tt Homozygous Recessive tt |
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single nucleotide polymorphisms |
Variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base. |
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Who was Alfred Wallace? |
Shared the same theory with Charles Darwin. They both wrote the book The Origin of Species |
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What is Predation? |
a species can be eaten by another species. in animal behavior, the pursuit, capture, and killing of animals for food. |
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What is reproductive isolation? |
two members of one population cannot interbreed with another |
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What is a genotype? |
The Pair of Alleles TT Homozygous Dominant Tt Heterozygous tt Homozygous Recessive Inherited by both parents one from each parent. |
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Who was Thomas Hunt Morgan? |
He conducted Fruit fly experiments dealing with genetic mutations. He won the Nobel prize. He proved that genes carried on chromosomes are the basis of reproductive heredity |
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What is a diploid? |
a cell having its organisms full set of chromosomes, divides to produce two cells, each of which also has the full set of chromosomes. |
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What is macroevolution? |
the long term evolution of species into other species |
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Who was Thomas Malthus? |
He Founded demography (The study of population).
Theorized that population size was limited by food supply.
Only some will find enough food to survive.
Provided the concept of characteristics advantageous for survival. |
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Who is Charles Lyell? |
Lyell devoted considerable energy to thinking and writing about Uniformitarianism and its implications for explaining the history of our planet |
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What is an Allele? |
The physical unit of inheritance is known as a gene. A gene has two subunits, one from the father and one from the mother each called an allele. The allele determines what exact form will be taken by the gene trait that the gene site is storing information for - brown fur vs. white fur |
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What a Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms? |
Synonymous Point Mutations - Don't change the triplets instructions to make proteins.
Non-Synonymous Point Mutations - Do change the triplets instructions to make proteins. |
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What is the difference between a gene and a allele? |
An Allele is a subunit of a gene each from father and mother. Mother = T Father = t the Gene is the combination of traits from each parentTt |
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Who is Charles Darwin? |
Natural Selection Adaptation the crux of evolution Galapagos Island Finches |
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Polygenic Traits and Pleiotropy |
Polygenetic Trait - Many genes determine one trait Pleiotropy - One gene determines many traits |
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What is speciation? |
Species diverge in their DNA forming two or more species |
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What is a breeding population? |
A species is comprised of all the populations (and their individual members) that are capable of breeding with each other and producing viable (fertile) offspring |
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What is natural selection? |
a. Variation within a species b. Intraspecific and Interspecific competition c. fitness (reproductive success) d. transmission of fitness traits to offspring The process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population. |
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What is Evolution? |
The biological change from generation to generation |
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What are the 4 biological mechanisms which occur during meiosis? |
Segregation.
Random Assortment.
Crossing over (recombination). And Independent assortment. |
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What is adaptive radiation? |
out of one species branch multiple closely related species the species finds a favorable new available habitat may become a separate species |
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What is a gene pool? |
All the genetic material within a population |
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What are the 4 processes of microevolution? |
1. Natural Selection 2. Mutation 3. Genetive Drift 4. Gene Flow (Allele Flow) |
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Explain the 4 processes of micro-evolution? |
1. Natural Selection - adaptive evolutionary changes.
2. Mutation - the ultimate source of variation.
3. Genetive Drift - the random fluctuation in allele frequencies increases as population decreases
4. Gene Flow (Allele Flow)- a potent agent of change. individuals or gametes move from one population to another |
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Who is Gregor Mendel? |
Created the law of independent assortment Law of inheritance pea plant experiment Mendelian genetics |
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What is the name of the book that Darwin wrote? |
The Origin of Species |
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What is a haploid? |
contains one chromosome from each pair |
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Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarck? |
Coined the term biology. When life forms reproduce, they pass on to their offspring the modifications they have acquired to that point. |
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What is Symbiosis? |
situation in which two or more different species enter into a mutually beneficial cooperative behavior. |
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What is (DNA)? |
A double-stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organism, consisting of phosphate, deoxygenate sugar, and four types of nitrogen bases. DNA is made up of two strands of nucleotides Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine |
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What is Meiosis? |
Reproduction of Sex Cells gametes / sex sells |
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What is Genetic Drift |
the random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in smaller population. |
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What is a gene? |
A gene is a location of a strand of DNA. Where a specific set of genes act as a storage post office box.
a storage location, for chemical code for genetic traits.
like fur color, and eye color. |
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What is Gregor Mendels discovery of Particulate Inheritance |
phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through "discrete particles" known as genes |
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What is a Habitat? |
the specific area an organism lives has abundant food resources and lacks predictors or competition species |
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What is a Fossil? |
physical remains of once living organisms |
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What is fitness? |
1. Well Adapted
2. Long life
3. Reproductive Success |
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What are the Galapagos Islands? |
Galápagos, a small cluster of islands 965 km (600 mi) off the coast of EcuadorDarwin found 13 species of Finches in the Galapagos IslandsThe Finch species evolved to eat different types of food. Due to different is size and shapes of beaks |
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What is Meiosis? |
reproduction of sex cells. Using Gametes chromosomes. 46 chromosomes are divided into 4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes in each cell. 1 replication with 2 cell divisions. |
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What is a breeding population? |
a species which is capable of breeding with each other |
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What is Mutation? |
Mutations are random changes in the genetic material of an organism. |
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What is micro-evolution? |
shorter term evolution causing changes in local breeding populations within a single species |
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What is a species? |
creatures sharing a great many characteristics in common with one another. a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed Horse + Donkey = Mule (mule is sterile) |
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What is Variation? |
Who is the fittest |
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What is Reproductive Isolation? |
may occur with or without geographic isolation. Allopatric speciation - Trees separated by riverHarris antelope squirrel and white-tailed antelope squirrel, are postulated to have descended from a common ancestral population that was separated by formation of the grand canyon. Sympatric speciation - isolated in same geographic area. |
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What at the two types of competition? |
Intra-specific competition (competition within a species). competition for survival & reproductive opportunity between any given species. REWARDS the fit and PENALIZES the least fit. Inter-specific competition (competition between species). two species as they strive for dominance in a particular environment |
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Agents of Evolutionary Change |
Natural Selection Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift |
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What is Gene Flow? |
New genetic material can be introduced into a population through gene flow from another population. members of two populations produce offspring |
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What is Specialization? |
Need to find special food to survive in current environment a species or deme becomes better and better at doing one thing, while at the same time becoming less able to do other things. This produces a narrow or specialized gene pool |
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What is the Founder Effect in Genetic Drift? |
limited diversity of parental gene pool, creates a new gene pool with even less diversity |
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Who was James Hutton |
He founded modern geology with his theory of Earth's formation. |
