Anthropology

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Holistic

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Emphasis on all aspects of the human experience, Biological, Historical, Contempoary, Religious, Economic, Political, and Liguistic.

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Four Subfields

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Linguistic, Biological, Economic, Archaeological, and Cultural

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Middens

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a mound or deposit containing shells, animal bones, and other refuse that inidcates the site of a human settlement.

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Excavation

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hole or cavity made by excavating

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Ethnography

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branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures

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Ethnology

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analyzes culture

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Linguistic Anthropology

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relationship between language and culture, how they impact eachother

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Biological Anthropology

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study of the relationship between biology and culture, how culture and biology impacted human evolution

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Paleoanthropology

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study of human evolution as revealed by the fossil record

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Primatology

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study of primate biology, evolution, behavior and social life

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Participant Observation

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to particpate in a given culture and observe

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Genealogical Method

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study of how people in a particular society are related to eachother, how they determine family membership

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Questionairre

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questions submited for replies that can be anayzed for usable information

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Ethnocentrism

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the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture

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Cultural Relativism

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the view that ethical and moral standards are relative to what a particular society or culture belives to be good or bad

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Adaptive Advantage

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language helped humans evolve

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Language

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a bodyh of words and the systems for their use common to a people who are of the same community or nation

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Productivity

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having the power of produciong, produciong readily or abundantly

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Displacement

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the act of displacing, the state of being displaced

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Symbol

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something used for or regarded as representing something else

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Call Systems

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vocal calls found naturally in the wild, used by primates

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Language Structures

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Phonemes, Morphemes, Lexicon, Syntax

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Phoneme

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sounds that make up a language, not individual letters

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Morphemes

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combination of phonemes, or words

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Lexicon

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The vocabulary of a particular language, field, social class, person, etc.

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Syntax

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grammatical arrangement of words in sentences

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Grammar

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the rules for standard use of words

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Descriptive Linguistics

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Interested in the structure of language, scientific study of a spoken language

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Socioloinguistics

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study of a language as it functions in society

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Code Switching

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alternate use of two or more languages or varieties of language

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Egalitarian

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person who believes in the equality of all people

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Consensus

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general agreement or accord inside a community

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Pantriabl Sodality

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developed in native american tribes living on the plains often called warrior societies

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Age Set

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group containing all the men or women born during a certain time span

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Age Gender

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series of life stages move through grades with age set, perform ritual when changing sets

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Subsistence Strategy

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form of economic production, foraging, horticulture, agricultre, and pastoralism

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Economic Anthropology

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understand economic behavior in terms of local cultural beliefs

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Foraging/Hunting and Gathering

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live in small social units called bands, organized kinship, and mobile

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Horticulture

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slash and burn cultivation, shifting cultivation, using an area of land until no longer usable then moving to a new location

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Shifting Cultivation

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agricultural system in which a person creates a piece of land with another peice of land and uses it and abandons it a short while later

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Agriculture

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the production of crops, livestock, or poultry

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Cultivation Continuum

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increase in pop. size, relaince on one staple crop

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Pastoralism

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economies focused around domesticated animals, herders, cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yaks, use animals for food. Do not rely on herders

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Pastoral Nomadism

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farming system where animals are taken to diferent locations in order to find fresh pastures

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Transhumance

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the seasonal migration of livestock, and the people who tend them, between lowlands and adjacent mountains

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Reciprcocity

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a mutual or cooperative interchange of favors or privledges

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Redistribution

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an economic theory or policy that advocates reducing inequalities in the distribution of wealth

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Generalized Reciprocity

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type of exchange where someone gives another person a gift

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Balanced Reciprocity

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one person gives a gift to someone, giver expects nothing in return

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Negative Reciprocity

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taking something without giving in return

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Nuclear Family

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a family unit consisting of parents and children

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Extended Family

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consists of parents, children, and other close relatives, often living in close proximity.

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Expanded Family

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households that include non nuclear relatives

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Descent Groups

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another way of organizing kinship, social unit based on common ancestry

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Unilineal Descent

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a system of determining descent groups in which one belongs to one's father or mother's lineage

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Matrilineal Descent

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a system to which one belongs to a mother's lineage

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Patrilineal Descent

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a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage

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Clan

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a group of people of common descent

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Lineage

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lineal descent from an ancestor

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Bilateral Descent

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system of family lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side are equally important for emotional ties for transfer of property or wealth

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Lineal

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being the direct line, as a descendant or ancestor

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Bifurcate Merging

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kinship system used to define family

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Generational

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the entire body of an individuals born and living at about the same time