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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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459
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Burglary - F
Every person who enters any specified structure with intent to commit grand or petit larceny or any felony |
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What is anthropology?
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The study of humanity from its evolutionary origins millions of years ago to its current worldwide diversity
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What are they key distinguishing features of anthropology? (4)
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1. Concept of Culture:
-definition of culture? -symbolic culture: ex - Maine black bears -material culture 2. Comparative Perspective: -Universals vs. Diversity Universals ex: taboo Diversity ex: allowed to marry certain people -Culture Change -Globalization 3. Holistic Perspective: a perspective that views culture as an integrated whole, no part of which can be completely understood without considering the whole 4. Applied anthropology: the application of the techniques & theories of anthropology to solving real-world problems Ex: forensic anthropology -cultural resource management -contract archeology |
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What is culture?
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Culture is everything that people HAVE, THINK, or DO as members of a society
-culture is a map on how to live & make decisions -culture is a design for living |
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What are the characteristics of culture? & an example for each
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1. Culture is shared: Members must share/agree on a cultural model & norms; culture shock will occur if this does not happen
2. Culture is learned: Cultural knowledge is learned & transmitted, formally & informally (enculturation) -ex: where you were born doesn't matter, it was where/who you were raised which you learn from 3. Culture is taken for granted (naturalized): Ideals & behaviors are SO deeply embedded in a culture that they are regarded as universally normal or NATURAL Ex: same-sex marriage, or Nacirema article? 4. Culture influences biological processes: What you think can influence how you physically look & react Ex: Foods, rattle snake, etc 5. Culture changes: Direct interaction between people of different cultures through migration, trade, invasion, & conquest Ex: Diffusion, innovation, day of the dead 6. Cultural universals: Traits found in all societies of the world Ex: adornments, when to wean (breast milk), athletics, calendar, cosmology (our origin) 7. Culture is adaptive (& maladaptive): to environmental & social conditions Ex: Kung San adapt to low water desert, Ese Eja high biological diversity Maladaptive: Got Milk 8. Cultures are integrated: Tendency for people's practices and beliefs to form a coherent & consistent system Ex: Language, religion, social organization |
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How do anthropologists study culture & societies?
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Anthropologists study culture & societies through fieldwork & participant observation
Need to look at: -Living patterns & organizations -Resource management -Cultural narratives -Material culture/artifacts |
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What is the ethnographic method?
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The ethnographic method is a means of obtaining information from direct fieldwork, & making a film, book, etc out of it:
Participant observation, interviews, census taking, ethnographic mapping, document analysis, genealogical method, photography |
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What does fieldwork entail?
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Stages of fieldwork: ?
1. Selecting a research problem 2. Formulating a research design 3. Collecting data 4. Analyzing data 5. Interpreting data |
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What are the ethical responsibilities of all anthropologists? (6)
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1. Responsibility to the people studied (informants, etc)
2. Responsibility to the public 3. Responsibility to the discipline 4. Responsibility to the students (that you take into the field, need protection, etc) 5. Responsibility to your sponsors (guidelines) 6. Responsibility to one's own & host government |
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What is language?
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Language is any form of communication that involves symbols, displacement, & productivity
-can include nonverbal cues |
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How is human communication different from non-human forms of communication?
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Non-human animals will call or signal systems that TEND to be the same (GENETICALLY based, NOT CULTURALLY LEARNED)
Exception, ex: Koko gorilla |
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What is sociolinguistics?
& describe the 3 examples |
The study of how people speak to each other in a given society, social situation, or context
Ex: Rapport-talk/Report-talk Women: Empathy, understanding, self-disclosure Men: Competitive, info oriented, solve problems, etc Ex: Code siwtching: using DIFFERENT languages depending on social situation (ex: different languages, home, school) Diglossia: Using different forms of the SAME language depending on social situation (ex: curse at home, not at church) |
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What's the difference between sex & gender?
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Sex is a biological difference between males and females, you are born with it
Gender is the way members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave -Is TAUGHT/LEARNED |
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How does gender vary cross-culturally?
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Gender varies in roles in that different things are expected of males in females in different societies:
Ex: In some societies, women are the more aggressive, impersonal, providers Gender also varies in that in some societies, there are 3 genders rather than 2: Ex: Native American "two-spirits" where one sex takes the social & economic roles of the opposite's gender India "Hijra" gender |
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Why is it important to consider the roles of both men & women when studying a society?
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It is important to consider the roles of both men & women when studying a society because in different societies, the roles of men & women are likely to be different than that of our own
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Describe !Kung San sexuality
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-Children are not encouraged to have intercourse, BUT sexual PLAYING IS permitted
-Children are often present when parents have intercourse, & talk about it the next day -Same sex exploring is expected -Rules to appropriate sexual behavior, stories tell how women taught men how to have appropriate sex -Marriage & sex not always tied to each other -Incest is prohibited -Appropriate ages are determined -Cheating or inappropriate behavior is recognized |
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How do family structures vary cross-culturally?
Ex: Ese Eja |
Family structures vary cross-culturally in that the nuclear family & the extended family are defined differently.
For example, in our culture, the nuclear family is a couple and children. In Mexico, it's a couple, the children, the couple's parents, siblings, etc Ex: Kung San: Several Ese Eja families may live under the same roof, but they cook separately, therefore are extended families, not nuclear |
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What are the characteristics of marriage?
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Marriages consider the following issues:
1. Types of partnership: hetero or homosexual relationships 2. Sexual union: Marriage does not always imply a sexual relationship 3. Mate selection: Who is out of bounds? Incest taboo Kung San incest taboo is very strict 4. Number of spouses: Some have 1 spouse, some have more than 1 spouse, male or female 5. Economic considerations: What gifts are required, etc: Bride wealth, bride service (Kung San, Ese Eja), dowry (bride's family gives to groom's), recip gift exchange (US) 6. Residence patterns: Matrilocal (Kung San, Ese Eja), Patrilocal, Neolocal (US) 7. Permanence of the marriage: Divorce: not always a bad thing, not always severing all contact (Ex: Kung San) |
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Why are there different kinship systems around the world?
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There are different kinship systems around the world because kinship systems are adaptive to their environment
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What are the economic, social, & environmental consequences of a kinship system?
?? & Examples from !Kung San, Scottish Clan, Industrialized |
-Can have easier access to food in times of scarceness, drought, etc.
-When you marry out of your group, it means that you will probably have to travel far to find one side of your family. -Depending on your kinship system, when you marry, you could get a certain amount of wealth passed to you Scottish Clan System: Patrilocal, agriculture; land is passed down from son to son -dowry Ese Eja: Unique in that they practice practice adoption/fictive kinship: likely grandparent adopts Partible paternity: belief that child has more than one biological father from accumulation of sperm !Kung San: Bilateral Kinship System Exagamous marriages Strict incest taboos Matrilocal Mostly serial monogamy, but some polygany |
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What kinds of religious practitioners are found around the world?
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Structure and formality differ;
Some are loose practitioners, some are specialized practitioners. Some are full time, ecclesiastical, and some are part time, shamanistic |
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Ayahuasca Shamanism
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Huni Kui shamans, make a hallucinogenic drink called ayahuasca to connect to the spirit world
-resolves conflicts -interprets the unexplainable |
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Azande Oracles
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The Azande's oracles harness the guidance to the spirit world; it is used for:
Determining if the event is caused by witchcraft Determining the source of the witchcraft Predicting the outcome of a future event that may be compromised -administers poison to a chicken, if 1st chicken lives, it is not witchcraft, but the 2nd chicken must die or else it is inconclusive (happened due to natural forces) |
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What is the tragedy of the commons and how do you prevent it?
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A situation where a common-pool of resources is used by many in an unregulated manner and the resources are depleted
You can prevent it by regulating with social mechanisms, like the Maine lobster industry |
