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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skin color
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Determined by hemoglobin carotene and melanine
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dark skin
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Prevents Sunburn
Prevents Cancer Prevents Folate (vitamin B) deficienct |
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light skin
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more vitamin D
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Vitamin D
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calcium and phospheres
regulates the reproduction of cells |
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Vitamin D deficency
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cancer, increased infection rates, pain and depression
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Bergmans rule
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colder areas bigger body size
surface area to volume ratio |
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allens rule
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short and stalky people for cold
taller people for hot areas |
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blumenbach
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skin color and other features
humans cannot be fit into discrete categories |
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polytipic species
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local populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits
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Three reasons race is flawed
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human species can be natrually divided into a small number of distinct races
members are different in important ways differences are due to biological heritage |
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why are people more similar to people closer to them
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gene flow and enviorment
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humans are much less variable than
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monkeys
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variation is adaptive for a species
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kn
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biodiversity of ecosystem is crucial for maintaining life
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genetic diveristy for a species
biodiversity in enviorment enviormental diversity globally |
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how do new species come into existence
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macro evolution
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macroevolution
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major evolutionary change
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classification
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grouping into nested hierarchies
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biological species concept
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emphasis on gene flow
Defines as when species can breed with each other |
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ecological species concept
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emphasis on natural selection
ecological niche |
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pheylogentic species concept
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emphisis on evolutionary ancestry
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recognition species concept
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inability to recognize another genetically compatabile organism as a mate
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speciation
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process of the formulation of a new species
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allopatric speciation
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close to biological species concept
when one species is seperated geographically restricts gene flow |
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adaptive radiation
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when one species evolves to fill ecolgical niches
lemurs |
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clado genis
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speciation through branching patterns
(two or more species come from one) Y looking chart |
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anagenisis
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when one species as a group evolves into another over time
(species changes over time due to ecological changes) |
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phyletic gradualism
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speciation is slow, steady, and through constant accumilation of changes
both ana and clado genisis really long Y |
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punctuated equilibrium
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long periods of no change will be interupted by rapid cladogenetic speciation
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taxonomy
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feild of study that specalizes in establishing the rules of classification
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linean hierarchy
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classifacation system shared on similarites of groups of species
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kingdom
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animalia - energy from sun and by eating other organisms
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phylum
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Chordata – forms with a stiff backbone that gives rigidity to form
(precursor to vertebrae) |
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subphylum
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vertabrara - internal skeleton
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class
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mamalia- bear live young
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order
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primata
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phylogeny - evolutionary schematiscs
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less rigorus definition to the kind of traits that can be used to define us
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phylogeny- cladistics
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requires members to show most recent shared ancestry
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analogous traits (Homoplasies):
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siimilar charactistcs evolve differently because species inhabit similar areas
convergent evolution |
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Homologies
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characteristics are based on genetic inheritance
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type of homogiles
primitive or ancestral |
traits inherited from a distant ancestor, widespread among many descendant species
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type of homogiles
derived |
traits from a recent ancester and shared among few species
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genetic distance
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measure of genetic similarity between two species
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primate trends
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hands feet and limbs - locomotion
dention and diet sensory organs life history brain size group living geralized skeleton- clavical, limb structure and 5 finger and toes |
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grasping hands and feet
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grasping hands
oposable big toe oposable thump sesitive finger tips flat nails |
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aye aye
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longer middle finger
specialized dentition eat grub and insects |
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what are the limbs and locomotion for
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upright posture
flexible limb strucure hind limb locomotion |
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types of locomotion
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branchiation
aboreal quadralpedilism terrestial quadrapedilism vertical clinging and leaping suspensory with tail bipedalism knuckle walking |
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human dental formula
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2.1.2.3
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NW monkeys dental formula
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2.1.3.3
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what is the imporance of depth derception?
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aboreal living
seeing predators determining ripe fruit and leaves |
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primate sub orders
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strepsirhini (promsians)
haplorini |
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strepsirhini
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all lemurs and lorises
africa and south east asia primitive primates long stout and moist nose less faceing foward eyes small brains claws nocturnal dental comb |
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halplorhini
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tarsiers and anthropoids
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anthropoidia
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hyperorder nw monkeys, ow monkeys and us
short dry nose mainly vision post orbital plate vitamin c from diet high brain to body size |
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lemur
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only on madagascar
nocturnal diurnial very variable |
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lorises
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fast and slow
solitary park infants |
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infanorder transformiis
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inbetween the sub orders
islands in SE asia mix of traits from strep and hapol small body claws and noturnal foward facing eyes, less olfaction |
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pythirinhi
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new world monkeys
all aboreal super family ceobedia dental 2.1.3.3 subfamilies: Cebinae= most species Callitrichinae= marmosets, tamarins |
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Callitrichinae
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marmosets and tamarins
dental is 2.1.3.2 claws not nails helpers take young little sexual dimorphasism |
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Cercopithecoidea
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Two subfamilies:
Cercopithecinae Colobinae broad habitat range dental formula is 2.1.2.3 |
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colobinae
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leaf eating monkeys
subfamily to cecropithecoidea harem setting sexual dimorphism territorial abroreal infancide |
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cercopithecinae
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sub family to cecropithecoidea
semi terrestrial (both arboreal and terrestraial quardrapeds) multi male and female groups female bonded Sexual dimorphism Variable diet cheek-pouches Ischial callosities Sexual skins – indication of estrus |
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subfamily hominoidea
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super family to catrhini
Africa, Asia: tropical forests No tail Y-5 molars larger More intelligent More dependent on learned behaviors Two families: Hylobatidae = lesser apes Hominidae = great apes and us |
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Gibbons and Siamangs
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hylobatidae
monogomus pair imi= 120 wrist joint fruigivores territorial little sexual dimorphism |
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Great Apes = Family Hominidae:
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Chimpanzees,
Bonobos, Gorillas, Orangutans |
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orangutans
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Pongo pigmaeus and pongo abelii
found in sumatra and borneo slow cautios climbers fruigivors |
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gorillas
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linean: gorilla gorilla and gorilla bergingei
knuckle walkers Harem |
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chimpanzee
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linaen= pan troglodytes
knuckle walkers and branchiation male bonded |
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bonobos
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central africa
male female bonded society |
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4 catagories of metabolic requirments
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bmr - – energy required to maintain
crucial body functions when the organism is at rest active metabolic rate - energy required when active growth rate - development requirements reproductive rate- when having children |
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folivores
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large body size
big guts low activity lower day range |
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frugivores
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large day range
very active smaller guts lower body size |
