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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did Malinowski's ethnography of the Trobriands take place?
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1914-1920
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Why is Malinowski significant to anthropology?
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First extensive fieldwork, established ethnographic fieldwork as the characteristic method of the discipline
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Where did Annette Weiner's field work differ?
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She explored women's wealth/women's roles in Trobriand society.
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What is the kula?
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A ceremonial exchange network
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What is traded in the kula ring, and how are they traded?
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White armbands and red necklaces. The red necklaces go clockwise, while the white armbands go counter clockwise throughout the islands. These can't be kept; they must keep moving to retain their value.
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Why are these valued?
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Though they have no practical use, the have historical meaning, having been traded for a long time and often associated with certain individuals.
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How do descent and kinship work?
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Kinship is based on descent or marriage; descent is bilateral and unilineal (2 sides)
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What sort of descent would describe the Trobriands?
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Unilineal (one "line" of lineage only)
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Who are the "owners"?
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Members of the matrilineage. The "work" of mourning is done for them.
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Who are the "workers"?
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Members of other matrilineaages.
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What do workers receive as an expression of gratitude the day after burial?
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Yams and betel nuts.
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What do the matrilineal kin of the spouse distribute, and why?
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Men's wealth, as compensation for allowing the death to occur.
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What do owner women distribute?
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Banana leaf bundles (this is their "wealth")
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When does the mourning period end, and what marks the end of the mourning period?
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4-6 months after death; the biggest distribution of banana leaf bundles and red skirts marks the end of mourning
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What is the advantage of women distributing wealth?
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They can show off their strength despite the "attack" on their matrilineage.
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Where does women's wealth come from?
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Yams (produced by their brothers); also, in compensation for being given yams by their wives' matrilineages, men must provide their wives with banana leaf bundles when needed
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Which "workers" receive the most payments after mourning, and why?
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Fathers and husbands, because these people bring their wives the most access to the resources of other matrilineages.
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Where does a man get yams from?
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His wife's father, his wife's brother(s), his sons, his daughter's husband.
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What is the source of a chief's power?
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Multiple wives.
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How can men repay their yam debt?
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By helping their wife's matrilineage collect banana leaf bundles.
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How does yams/women's wealth demonstrate the strength of the matrilineage?
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By showing that their brothers can produce yams and that they can mobilize their husband's kin to acquire banana leaf bundles.
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What is the secret to good fieldwork?
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Get rid of preconceived ideas, know your goals, live with the people, use specific methods. Also: record everything you can without regard to your own reactions, learn about gender rules by asking about specific cases, describe as many cases as possible, write down your descriptions in order to understand them.
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What is the idea between the trade of white armshells and red necklaces between kula partners?
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Balanced reciprocity--to match the value of one object for another
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What does kula success "equal"?
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Fame.
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What can Fair Trade do for our culture?
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Make visible the social relations in our economic relations.
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What concepts is Karl Polany associated with?
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Economics as part of culture (exchange is embedded in social relations); reciprocity; market
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What is reciprocity?
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The exchange of goods and services among people as a SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP
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How is Market defined?
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As the exchange of goods and services for MONEY
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What is the most important element of a commodity?
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Price.
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In a commodities-based "Market," how are the relationships among people seen?
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As relationships between objects and money.
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How does the "Market" dis-embed commodities and trade from their true origin?
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We know nothing about who produces the things we buy, how they are made and what relations they have to producers and environment, or previous market exchanges and who profited from them.
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What did Laura Raynolds say about the Fair Trade and Organic movements?
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Both challenge the Market system; they both “seek to reveal more fully the conditions of production and require that Northern consumers shoulder a greater share of true production costs.” According to her, the true costs are usually not paid.
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Wha/twho is Mark Moberg most directly associated with in his study of Fair Trade?
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Eastern Caribbean banana farmers
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What are his critiques of Fair Trade?
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It doesn't help the farmers as much as consumer think; retailers absorb the bulk of the higher price (retail prices are 119% higher, while the farmers profit only 41% more); funds for community projects are low.
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What are some of the other added disadvantages for banana farmers?
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Free trade bananas must have more herbicides--this means more expense for farmers; special packing and labeling creates more work for growers; growers have no more control over the market than they did before Free Trade.
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Where do men get yams?
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Their wife's brother(s), and later, their sons.
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What are keyawa kin?
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A man's son's wife's mothers/brothers, or a man's daughter's husband's mother's brothers, within the same matriclan, who have special obligation to give yams/resources (?)
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What is redistribution?
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A system of exchange in which goods are passed to a central authority and reallocated.
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How are "bands" defined as political systems?
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They are egalitarian, with no formal leaders, and practice reciprocity.
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How are chiefdoms defined as political systems?
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"Chief" is a political office, but there is no bureaucracy; the chiefdom is often based on kinship; chiefdoms practice reciprocity and redistribution.
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How are states defined as political systems?
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Full bureaucracy, control of territories, practice market exchange, redistribution, and reciprocity.
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How do chiefdoms differ from bands?
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They are not egalitarian; differences in prestige and power (but not wealth) cause some stratification.
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How do chiefdoms differ from states?
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Not fully stratified; relatively small-scale societies; often based on horticulture (no large surplus); because of redistribution, chief does not accumulate wealth.
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