Anthropology

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primate trends

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1) generalized dentition 2) generalized skeleton 3) reduced sense of smell 4) enhanced vision 5) enlarged brain 6) complex social lives

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primate classification

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1) Suborder Prosimii 2) Suborder Anthropoidea

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Suborder Prosimii

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1) Superfamily Lemuroidea 2) Superfamily Lorisoidea 3) Superfamily Tarsiodiea

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Superfamily Lemurodia

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lemurs of Madagascar

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Superfamily Lorisoidea

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bushbabies and potto of subSaharn Africa & lorises of tropical Asia

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Superfamily Tarsiodia

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tarsiers of SE Asia

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Suborder Anthropoidea

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1) Superfamily Ceboidea 2) Superfamily Cercopithecoidea 3) Superfamily Hominodiea

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Superfamily Ceboidea

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New World monkeys, some with prehensile tails

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Superfamily Cercopithecoidea

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Old World Monkeys

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Family Cercopithecoidea

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1) Subfamily Cercopithecinae 2)Colobinae

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Subfamily Cercopithecinae

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maily fruit-eating monkeys of Africa & Asia, such as guenons, baboons, and macaques

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Subfamily Colobinae

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meinly leaf-ating monekys of Africa & Asia, such as colobus monkeys & langurs

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Superfamily Hominodiea

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apes and humans 1) Family Hylobatidae 2) Family Pongidae 3) Family Hominidae

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Family Hylobatidae

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lesser apes or gibbons, move by brachiation

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Family Pongidae

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greate apes 1) Pongo pygaeus 2) Gorilla 3) Pan troglodytes 4) Pan paniscus

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Pongo pygaeus

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organutan of Borneo & Sumatra

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Gorilla

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gorilla of equatorial Asia

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Pan trogodytes

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common chimpanzee of equatorial Africa

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Pan paniscus

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pygmy chimpansee of bonobo of equatorial Africa

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Family Hominidae

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humans

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K-selection v. r-selection

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few offspring & invest great amount of parental care vs. large numbers of offspring & invest little parental care

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great degree of infant dependence

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in most species, infants are carried everywhere from the time they are born

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dominance hierarchies

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help to organiza social interactions

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groomins

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plays an important role in nonhuman primate social groups

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infanticide

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when new male takes over another male's group they sometimes kill all the young

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estrus

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peroid of hormally-induced sexual receptivity

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Classification & nomenclature

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1) classification 2) Chordata

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classification

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the ordering of organisms into categories such as order or families

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Chordata

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phylum to which humans belong, characterized by presence of a nerve cord along hte bakc and gill slits during the least some developmental stages

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Dating techniques

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1) relative dating techniques 2) chronometric dating techniques 3) geological time scale

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relative dating techniques

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indicate only that something is older or more recent than something else

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chronometric dating techniques

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age estimates in years before present

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geological time scale

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epochs of Cenozoic:

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Paleocene

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65-54 mybp

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Eocene

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54-38 mybp

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Oligocene

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38-23 mybp

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Miocene

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23-5 mybp

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Pliocene

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5-2 mybp

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Pheistocene

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2 mybp - 10,000 ybp

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Holocene (recent)

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10,000 ybp - now

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Primate evolution

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1) Paleocene 2) Eocene 3)Oligocene 4) Miocene

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Paleocene

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arachis primates that lack postorbital bar, retain claws, small brains, sideways facing eye sockets

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Eocene

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first true primates that have postorbital bar, nails, larger brains, forward facing eye sockets

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Oligocene

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first anthropoids 1) Parapithecidae 2) Propliopithecidae

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Parapithecidae

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genus Apidium: squirrel monkey-sized arboral 4 with three premolars

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Propliopithecidae

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genus Aegyptopithecus: howler monkey sized anthropoid that is generalized enough to be close the ancestry of both Old world monkeys and hominiods

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Miocene

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amjor time of hominoid adaptive radiation 1) Proconsul 2) Sivapithecus

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Proconsul

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eastern Africa, 23-18 mybp, primitive & generalized arboreal

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Sivapithecus

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Siwaliks (asia), 11- 7 mybp, ancestor of the orangutan