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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the traits of a modern human? |
high vertical forehead, round and tall skull, small brow ridges, small face, small teeth, projecting chin, gracile, narrower bones
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What do archaic H. sapiens have that modern H. sapiens don't? |
robust brow ridge, longer/lower skull, wider nasal aperture, occipital bun, larger teeth, no chin, thick bones |
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occipital bun |
a cranial feature of Neanderthals in which the occipital bone projects substantially from the skull's posterior. |
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When were H. sapiens around? |
350,000 yBP to 500,000 yBP |
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What was the dispersal pattern of H. sapiens? |
Africa, Asia, Europe |
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When was the transition from archaic H. sapiens to modern H. sapiens? |
25,000 yBP |
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Out-of-Africa Hypothesis |
modern H. sapiens evolved in Africa then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing the indigenous archaic H. sapiens; NO GENE FLOW |
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Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis |
evolution occurred regionally with no replacements; gene flow but didn't start in Africa |
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When did the earliest archaic Homo Sapiens appear? |
350,000 to 500,000 ya |
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Who did H. sapien evolve from? |
H. erectus |
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Why is there wear on the incisors of H. sapiens? |
they used their front incisors as a third hand or tool |
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What are the traits of Neanderthals? |
wide and tall nasal aperture, projecting face, occipital bun, long, low skull, large front teeth, and wide stocky body and short limbs. |
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What was the benefit of a wide and tall nasal opening? |
it warmed and humidified air for the lungs from the cold environment, also placed a greater distance from the cold to the brain. |
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Why are there holes found under the eyes in the cheek bone area on Neanderthal skulls?
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there are larger holes for larger blood vessels to get to the face preventing facial freezing
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Why did neanderthals have stocky bodies?
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the short and wide bodies of the neanderthals allowed better heat conservation. (shorter limbs as well)
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Are animals in cold climates or hot climates larger?
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cold climates
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What does a stockier body reduce?
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Surface area is reduced
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What are heat adaptations related to?
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width of the body trunk
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Mousterian
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the stone culture in which Neanderthals produced tools using the Levallois technique.
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Middle Paleolithic
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the middle part of the Old Stone Age, associated with Mousterian tools, which Neanderthals produced using the Levallois technique.
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What time was the Mousterian
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300,000-30,000 yBP
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Levallois
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a distinctive method of stone tool production used during the Middle Paleolithic in which the core was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core.
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Upper Paleolithic
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refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone Age, associated with early modern H. sapiens and characterized by finely crafted stone and other types of tools with various functions.
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What did Neanderthals do to their dead?
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they buried them
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what evidence was there that neanderthals buried their dead
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the dead skeletons were found in fetal positions in pits on their side or back.
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Did neanderthals talk?
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yes they had a vocal tract that is similar to a modern humans.
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laterality
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clearly defined left and right sides
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What happened in the Upper Pleistocene?
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significant population increases, new habitats, new technology.
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When did a chin appear?
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90,000 yBP
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When did fishing occur?
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75,000 yBP
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What later homo species lived together?
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neandertals and homo sapiens (modern)
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mtDNA
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mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother only.
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what did mtDNA indicate about neanderthals?
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they went extinct
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what did nuclear DNA indicate about neandertals?
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that we share 1-4% of the neanderthal dna
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What does a larger population that has been around longer?
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more mutations, more variability
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what's wrong with the out of africa hypothesis?
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no gene flow
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what is wrong with the multi regional model?
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originated in africa
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What was a part of the first wave out of Africa?
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spread to asia and europe
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what was a part of the second wave out of africa?
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homo sapiens assimilated
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Why did homo sapiens move?
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population increased, reduction in food resources, climate deterioration (from cold)
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When did the migration begin?
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50,000
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Who migrated from SE asia?
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australians and pacific people
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who migrated from nE asia?
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americas
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When did they migrate to australia?
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40,000
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when did they migrate to south pacific?
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5000
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Homo floresiensis
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nicknamed 'hobbit' for its diminutive size, a possible new species of Homo found on the Indonesian island of Flores.
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microcephaly
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a condition in which the cranium is abnormally small and the brain is underdeveloped.
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shovel-shaped incisors
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dental trait, commonly found around Native Americans and Asians, in which the incisor's posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity.
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What did the americans cross to get to america from asia?
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bering bridge now in the bering sea
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when did the asian homo sapiens cross bering sea?
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15,000 yBP
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Paleoindians
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the earliest hominid inhabitants of the americas; they likely migrated from asia and are associated with the Clovis and Folsom stone tool cultures in North America and comparable tools in South America
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megafauna
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general term for the large game animals hunted by pre-Holocene and early Holocene humans
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what is an example of megafauna
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mammoth, steppe bison
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Pre-Australopithecines |
•Extraordinarilyprimitive (more apelike) •Highlydiverse •Livingin wooded settings throughout Africa•Spenta lot of time on the ground (bipedal) •Butalso spent time in the trees (still retained arboreal features) |
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TheFirst Hominids:
The Pre-Australopithecines |
Ardipithecus kadabba &Ardipithecus ramidus
•Foundin East Africa (lived in forest setting) •5.8–4.4mya •Footphalanges curved like apes •Dentalmorphology was intermediate between apes and humans (canine with modifiedhoning) •Smallbrain•Bipedal•Timespent on ground and in trees |
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Out of Africa |
modern homo sapiens evolved in Africa then spread to Asia and Europe replaced archaic Homo Sapiens |
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Multi regional Continuity model |
transition to modernity took place regionally and without replacement |
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Assimilation or Partial replacement model |
modern humans evolved in Africa then spread to europe and Asia Once they arrived, gene flow with Neandertals happened |
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absolute dating techniques |
Dendrochronology- Radiopotassium dating- fissiontrack dating- radiocarbon dating- thermoluminescence |
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dendrochronology |
absolute dating using tree rings |
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relative dating techniques |
-lawof superposition -chemicaldating -Biostratigraphicdating -Culturaldating |
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whe did the hominid lineage diverge from chimps? |
6-8 mya |
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Ape vs. Monkey dentition |
Rounded Angle: Apes and Humans dental formula 2.1.2.3 Sharp Angle : Primative Primates and New and Old World Monkeys dental formula 2.1.3.3. |
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typical primate traits |
1. Pentadactylism (5 digits) 2. Flat nails (replace claws) 3. Prehensile hands and feet 4. Power and precision grip 5. Erect bodies 6. De-emphasis OD smell (olfaction) 7. Improved vision (color, binocular, stereoscopic) 8. Lengthening of prenatallpostnatal cycles9. 10. Teeth |
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hominid traits |
-pelvic region has been realigned
-skull balanced on the vertebral column (foramen Magnum is at center ofthe base of the skull). -foot: speciallized weight supporter -larger brain |
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anatomical characteristics associated with bipedalism |
-pelvic region has been realigned -skull balanced on the vertebral column (foramen Magnum is at center ofthe base of the skull). -foot: speciallized weight supporter |
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Anatomical characteristics assoc.w/arboreal adaptations |
opposeable thumbs and toes curved phalanges (digits) |
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Primate Origin Hypotheses |
1. arboreal hypotheses adapted to live in trees 2. visual predation hypotheses eyes moved to see 3-d so they could eat fruits/flowers 3. angiosperm radiation hypotheses more flowers/fruit = more adaptations for primates |
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arboreal hypothesis |
primates adapted to live in trees *grasping hands and feet *binocular vision for better depth perception *smell no longer necessary for finding food *greater intelligence for understanding 3-d world of living in trees |
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visual predation hypothesis |
primate vision adaptations for preying on insects and small animals and for flowers and fruits |
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angiosperm radiation hypothesis |
primates developed their traits in response to the increased availabiulity of flowers grasping toes helped primates cling to branches as they picked and ate fruit. |
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Bipedalism Evolution Hypotheses |
see over tall grass energy efficient movement use of weapons and tools carrying objects long distances thermoregulation |
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Evidence of East Asian ancestry for NativeAmericans |
shovel shaped incisors in common and linking of mTDNA |
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Importance of Ceramics for our biology |
gave us the ability to cook food and starches caused dental problems (dental caries) because of more sugars and softer food which led to thinner enamel on our teeth |
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first animal to be domesticated during theNeolithic |
dog (wolf) |
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piltdown man was discovered as hoax because of |
Flourine dating |
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Largest known prehisoric primate |
Gigantopithicus |
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the mutation that allowed some to survive the bubonic plague is also allowing some to survive which disease |
HIV |
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plant domestication spread through people describing their actions to others |
diffusion |
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greater reduction in jaw size , yet bigger teeth in the halocene era caused what problem |
malocclusion (dental crowding) |
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Most distinctive trait that seperates austrolopithicines from homo |
"pinch" (post orbital constriction) |
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which pre-hominid displayed traits of arboreal and terrestrial living, thus blurring the lines |
Ardipiticus ramidus (had opposeable large toe) |
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anthropoid that first evolved in Asia |
Eosimias |
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Homo Naledi |
increase in brain size less pinch (post orbital constriction) displayed intermediate traits between austrolopithicines and homo |
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mother of all apes no tail Africa |
Proconsul |
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1st primate looks like a mouse |
carpolestes simpsoni |
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sivapithecus |
Sivapithecus, fossil primate genus dating from the Miocene Epoch (23.7 to 5.3 million years ago) and thought to be the direct ancestor of the orangutan. |
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environments that brought about the 1st bipedalhominids |
fewer trees, spread out "patchy forests" |
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Raymond Dart |
Tuang Child (Austrolopithicus Africanus) |
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-Whenand where did our ancestors first make elaborate, symbolic art (especially re: modern H.sapiens) & evidence |
Rock paintings have been made since the Upper Paleolithic, 40,000 years ago. They have been found in Europe, Africa, Australia and Southeast Asia. |
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the agricultural revolution -whyit came about and the consequences |
1000 yBP. More steady environment during the Holocene epoch. Warm, wet weather. human population increased, plants were "selected for" and human interaction caused some changes Clearing of land for planting causes environmental change |
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hygiene hypothesis |
increased allergies among children are the result of decreased exposure to microbes, such as those found in dirt |
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Shanidar Neandertal |
Was injured and shows that the Neandertals took care of each other |
