Anthropology 225

Front 1

excephalization

Back 1

proportional size of the brain relative to some other measure, usually body size, such as weight.

Front 2

allometry

Back 2

the differential proportion among various anatomical structures

Front 3

cortex

Back 3

layer in the brain that covers the cerebral hemispheres, which control bodily functions and smell.

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neocortex

Back 4

evolved vortex of the brain that are involved with higher mental functions and composed of ares that integrate incoming information from different sensory organs

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conspecifics

Back 5

members of the same species

Front 6

anthropocentric

Back 6

viewing nonhuman organisms in terms of human experience and capabilities

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core area

Back 7

portion of home range containing the highest concentration and most reliable supplies of food and water

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territory

Back 8

the portions of an individual's or group's home range actively defended against intrusion

Front 9

altruism

Back 9

behavior that benefits another individual at some potential risk or cost to oneself

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strepsirhines

Back 10

embers of the primate suborder which means lemurs and lorises

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haplorhines

Back 11

members of haplorhini, includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans

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orthograde

Back 12

an upright body position. relates the position of the head and torso during sitting, climbing and doesn't mean that an animal is bipedal

Front 13

euarchonta

Back 13

superorder designed for the sister orders of tree shrews, lemurs and primates

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superorder

Back 14

taxonomic group ranked above an order and below a class or subclass

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stem group

Back 15

all the taxa of a clade before a major speciation event

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crown group

Back 16

all the taxa that come after a major speciation event

Front 17

sister groups

Back 17

two new clades that result from the splitting of a single common lineage

Front 18

last common ancestor (lca)

Back 18

the final evolutionary link between two related groups

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semiorder

Back 19

taxonomic category above suborder and below order

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euprimates

Back 20

"true primates" coined by elwyn simons in 1972

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postcranial

Back 21

referring to al or part of the skeleton not including the skull

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subfossil

Back 22

bone not old enough to have become completely mineralized as a fossil

Front 23

bilophodont

Back 23

reffering to molars that have four cusps oriented in two parallel rows, resembling ridges

Front 24

paleoprimatologist

Back 24

anthropologist specializing in the study of nonhuman primate fossils

Front 25

catarrhine

Back 25

member of catarrhini, parvorder of primates. suborder of halorhini

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platyrrhines

Back 26

members of platrrhrhini, suborder of haplorhini

Front 27

y-5 molar

Back 27

molar that has five cusps with grooves forming a y

Front 28

dental apes

Back 28

early apes that postcranially resemble monkeys but dentally are hominoids

Front 29

zygomatics

Back 29

cheekbones

Front 30

terrestrial

Back 30

living and locomotion primarily on the ground

Front 31

morphological

Back 31

pertaining to the form and structure of organism

Front 32

habitual bipedalism

Back 32

bipedal locomotion as the form of locomotion shown by hominoids most of the time

Front 33

obligate bipedialism

Back 33

ipedalism as the only form of hominid terrestrial locomotion

Front 34

australopiths

Back 34

a colloquial name referring to diverse group of pill-pleistocene african hominins

Front 35

sectorial

Back 35

adapted for cutting or shearing; among primates, refers to the compressed first lower premolar, which functions as a shearing surface with the upper canine

Front 36

sagittal crest

Back 36

ridge bone that runs down the middle of the cranium like a short mohwak

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pilo-pleistocene

Back 37

pertaining to the pilocene and first half of the pleistocene, a time range from 5-1 mya. numerous of fossils found

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mosaic evolution

Back 38

pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies form that in other systems

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culture

Back 39

extrasomatic (nonbody) adaptations to the enviornment

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multidisciplinary

Back 40

pertaining to research involving mutual contributions and cooperations of experts from various scientific fields

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artifacts

Back 41

objects or materials made or modified for use by hominids

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taphonomy

Back 42

the study of how bones and other materials came to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils

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context

Back 43

the environmental setting where an archaeological trace is found

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chronometric dating

Back 44

dating technique that gives estimate in actual numbers of years; aka absolute dating

Front 45

stratigraphy

Back 45

study of the sequential layering of deposits

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principle of superposition

Back 46

in a stratigrahic sequence, the lower layers were deposited before the upper layers

Front 47

half-life

Back 47

the time period in which one-half the amount of a radioactive isotope is converted chemically to a daughter product

Front 48

thermoluminiscence(TL)

Back 48

technique for dating certain archaeological materials that were heated in the past and that release stored energy of radioactive decay as light upon reheating

Front 49

palemagnetism

Back 49

dating method based on the earths shifting magnetic pole

Front 50

biostratigraphy

Back 50

relative dating technique based on regular changes seen in evolving groups of animals as well as presence or absence of particular species

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blanks

Back 51

stones suitably sized and shaped to be further worked into tools

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flake

Back 52

thin-edged fragment removed from core

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core

Back 53

stone reduced by flake removal

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lithic

Back 54

reffering to stone tools

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knappers

Back 55

people who make tools

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direct percussion

Back 56

striking a core or flake with a hammerstone

Front 57

microliths

Back 57

small stone tools produced from narrow blades punched from a core

Front 58

pressure flaking

Back 58

a method of removing flakes from a core by pressing a pointed implement against a stone

Front 59

microwear

Back 59

polishes, striations, and other diagnostic microscopic changes on the edges of stone tools

Front 60

phytoliths

Back 60

microscopic silica structures formed in the cells of many plants

Front 61

environmental determinism

Back 61

interpretation that links simple environmental changes directly to a major evolutionary shift in an organism

Front 62

stable carbon isotopes

Back 62

isotopes of carbon that are produced in plants in differing proportions depending on environmental conditions