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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a gene?
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a sequence of dna bases that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein or portion of a protein that can make up hundreds of thousands of dna bases into coding and non coding segments.
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what are the four forces of evolution?
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(genetic) drift
gene flow mutation natural selection |
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what are alleles?
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sometimes used the same as a gene, an alternate form of a gene that occurs at the same locus on the partner chromosome allowing them to control the same trait, but because an allele is different it might express the same trait differently.
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what is a locus/ loci?
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the position on a chromosome where a given gene occurs.
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what does homozygous mean?
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having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a chromosome pair.
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what does heterozygous mean?
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having different alleles at the same locus on members of a chromosome pair.
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what is gene flow?
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the exchange of genes between populations.
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what is genetic drift?
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evolutionary changes in allele frequencies produced by random factors as a result of small population size.
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what are amino acids?
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small molecules that are the components of proteins.
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what are chromosomes?
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discrete structures composed of dna and protein found only in the nuclei of cells. can be seen only during certain phases of cell division.
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what is DNA?
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double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code for producing bodily structures and functions. a main component of chromosomes.
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what is a nucleus?
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a structure found in all eukaryotic cells containing chromosomes.
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what is a zygote?
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a cell formed by a egg and a sperm cell containing all chromosomes which potentially form an organism.
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adenine pairs with what?
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thymine
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cytosine pairs with what?
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Guanine
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guanine pairs with what?
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cytosine
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thymine pairs with what?
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adenine
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four chemicals that make up DNA?
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adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
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what are somatic cells?
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all the cells in the body except gametes.
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what are gametes?
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sex cells
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what is mitosis?
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simple somatic cell division into two daughter cells.
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what is meiosis?
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cell division in specialized cells in the testes and ovaries resulting in two division creating four daughter cell with half the original chromosomes
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what is a mutation?
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a change in DNA referring to changes in DNA bases and chromosome number
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what is natural selection?
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genetic change of traits in populations due to different reproductive success's among individuals
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what is a genotype?
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the genetic makeup of an individual.
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what is a phenotype?
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the observable or detectable characteristics of an organism.
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what is fitness?
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the reproductive success of an organism. ex: if an organism produces 5 offspring its fitness is 5
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what is the founder effect?
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a type of gentic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in small populations that are taken from , or are remnants of larger populations.
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polygenic
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multi gene traits, this is like skin color having multiple options within each parent
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evolution
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a change in alell frequency through time
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heterozygus superiority
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suggests that genetic variability is superior because it allows for better adaptation
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