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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Allometry
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Study of the change in proportion of various body parts as a consequence of different growth rates
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Encephalization quotient
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Is a measure of how much extra brain an organism(or species) has beyond that required for it's body size (observed/expected)
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Taphonomy
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Study of what happens to plants and animals after death
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What kind of rock are fossils found in?
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Sedimentary Rock
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What are the four dating types?
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Direct vs. Indirect
Absolute vs Relative |
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What can fossils tell us?
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Age
Paleoenvironmental indirators Traces of Behavior |
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Direct dating involves
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Dating material of interest directly
e.g. teeth, bones, pigment fossil |
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Indirect dating involves?
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Date layers above and below
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Absolute dating involves?
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Radioisotopic dating
e.g. Radio Carbon Dating, Th-230, Amino Acid Racemization, Electrospin + Luminescence, Fission track, Argon - Argon |
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Relative Dating involves?
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Relative to other sites/horizons
e.g. Faunal Correlation, Paleomagnetism |
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Paleomagnetic dating
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Earth changes polarities rocks shift directions when the cool to the correct temperatures
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Order of monkeys
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Prostimigans - New world Monkeys - Old world monkeys - Lesser apes - Great Apes - Great ape - Humans
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Primate traits
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Forward faces - post orbital bar (fully enclosed eye socket) - relatively large cranial vault - reduced snout - versatile dentition - divergent big toes + thumbs - grasping hand + feet - Nails instead of Claws - Large Bodies - Larger Brains - mostly diurnal - Aboreal and terrestrial species
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Primate Origins
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Needed to get insects on branches - fruit on branches - grasping/leaping locomotion - Grasping to exploit food and insects - Larger Bodies
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New world monkey origins
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To south America by...
1. south from North America 2 West from africa through water 3. South to antarctica then up 4. Originated there |
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What's a Lumper
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Puts a lot of species together
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Splitter
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thinks all differences are a new species
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Bipedal adaptations
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Cranial
Vertebral Column Pelvis Femur knee ankle and foot Body proportions |
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What changed with the cranial?
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Foramen Magnum - Base not back
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What changed with the vertebral column?
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Lumbar Lordosis - S bend
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What changed with the Pelvis?
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Saccrum - became wider
Llium Bones - longer/wider Tilted Pelvis |
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What changed with the Femur?
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Tilted Pelvis
Femur angles for hips isn't straight down |
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what changed with the knee
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Angled to retrieve Femur
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What changed with the ankle and foot?
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Significantly less curve on feet doesn't grasp anymore so no longer hand shaped.... foot shaped
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Body proportions?
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Allometry - Legs are longer for Bipedal. Arms shorter. Larger head in humans for larger more complex thinking process
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Why go Bipedal?
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Food Gathering
Thermoregulation - less solar radiation Tracking herds - hunting Larger group size Predator Avoidance - survival free use of hands - gather food and walk Energy efficient when it comes to walking |
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Traits of Autralopithicus
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Bipedal
Still adept in trees small bodies Teeth, jaws skull intermediate between apes and humans Ape-like development patterns Ape Brain size Pronounced sexual dimorphism woodland/scrub/grassland |
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Who were Kanapoi?
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First Australopithecus
First evidence of obligate Bipedalism |
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Who wer A. anamesis?
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Distal tibia - built for walking
Condytes - Perpendicular to tibial diaphesis Buttress absorbed impact Large U shaped dentition Large Molars |
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Who were A. afarensis?
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(3.8 - 2.7 mya)
signifcant sexual dimorphasism ethiopai, Kenya, Tanzania Size between humans and apes Human and non-human like skeleton 400 cc |
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A. Africanus
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(3 -2.2 mya)
440 cc less sexual dimorphacism - shorter canines No distema Larger Molars Smaller incisors |
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A. Garhi
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2.5 mya
earliest tool users |
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Panthropus
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(2.5 - 1 mya)
greatly reduced incisors and canines enormous molars (4x larger than humans) Prominent sagital crest - Powerful Jaws Flat Faces Jaws (up to 10x thicker than humans) |
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Stone tool makers
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Most hominids use tools chimps
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Oldowan method
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(2.5 mya)
first tools to appear Cores - round stones flakes - removed from cores to produce sharp edge |
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Substitence economy
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In humans, use of complex foraging techniques affects life history and social structure
1. Collected food - gathered eaten directly 2. Extracted food - gathered taken to shelter and protected 3. Hunted foods - mobile must be caught sometimes required extraction and processing |
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Human Foragers
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Rely upon food that's harder to get. Hunted and collected food
-Required years of training -Hunted throughout the years - Items varied Larger Brains for more complex strategies |
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Long Juvenile life Period
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Meant longer life span
Increased generation time only favored if sufficient payoff |
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Division of Labor
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Men and women specialize
-Women - mainly forage (collective and extractive foraging) -Men - Mainly hunted Specializing only possible with food sharing |
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Hunting Risk
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don't find food without sharing can die
If you share less probable that there will be death |
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Homo habilis
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(1.9 - 1.6 mya)
510 cc smaller teeth |
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Homo rudolfensis
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2.4 mya
750 cc bigger teeth Long arms - Short legs Fast life history |
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Earliest members of Homo
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Homo Seoliba
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Homo Seoliba?
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south africa
420 cc kinda like australpithecus and homo |
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shirft from hominin to homo
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1.8 mil
Large bodies long legs - short arms slower growth rate reduced sexual dimorphism |
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Homo ergastic
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males 6ft women 5ft
long legs, narrow hips Narrow shoulders Robust low sexual dimorphism Body Proportion = modern humans |
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Early Homo traits (ancestral features)
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receeding forhead
No chin Narrow behind eyes |
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Early Homo traits (Derived features)
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Larg Brow ridge
Smaller, less protruding face Higher skulls Smaller teeth |
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Body change for running (energetics)
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Tendons generace for economically
longer foot stride length increased (longer legs) smaller feet |
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Body change for running (strength)
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Enlarged joints but only in lower limbs
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Body change for running (stabalization)
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Trunk rotation
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Body change for running (thermoregulation)
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Sweat
Long body form Mouth Breathing |
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Homo eragastic created what?
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Acheulian tool industry
-same proportions regardless of size -unchanged for 1 million years Functions -wood working -Butchery |
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Homo eragastic
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Acheulian tool industry
Controlled fire |
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Out of Africa to where?
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North to Europe, Middle east, China
East to islands of Australia |
