Anthropology

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the study of humankind, in our totality and throughout space and time

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anthropology

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features that are found in every culture

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cultural universals

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include features that are common to many or most, but not all human groups

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cultural generalities

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features that are unique to certain cultural traditions

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cultural particularities

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a fundamental principle of anthropology, that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence.

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holistic perspective

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also known as biological anthropology. The systemic study of humans as biological organisms

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physical anthropology

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the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client

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applied anthropology

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the study of customary patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings.

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cultural anthropology

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a description of a specific ethnic or cultural group based on field work; studies of individual societies or cultures; may be focused on a sub culture

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ethnography

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the study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups.

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ethnology

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the study of human language

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linguistic anthropology

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the study of past cultures and societies

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archaeology

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the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.

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applied anthropology

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the group of mammals that include lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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primates

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the class of vertebrate animals distinguished by bodies covered with fur, self regulating temperature, and to females milk producing mammary glands

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mammals

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the smallest working unit in the system of classification. Among living organisms, species are populations or groups of populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile viable offspring

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species

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in the system of plant and animal classification, a group of like species

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genus, genera

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the science of classification

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taxonomy

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one came to know god by reading God's word.

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theology

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one cam to understand God through his works, or through nature; beginning of science as a way of knowing.

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empiricism

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the great flood of noah

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diluvial theory

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put forth as an explanation of the different geologic layers with different kinds of fossils in the layers. multiple catastrophes

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theory of catastrophism

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documented beyond any reasonable doubt that changes on the earth were due to natural processes, not to episodes of catastrophic change, followed by periods of no change.

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Charles Lyell

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developed classification system based on degrees of morphological similarities and differences between species

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Carolus Linnaeus

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suggested that the earth and life forms are subject to some degree of change over time

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Comte de Buffon

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proposed theory of organic transformations

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Erasmus Darwin

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theory of organic change through the transmission of acquired characteristics; need generates change.

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Jean Baptist Lamarck

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there is a struggle for survival because over reproduction; more offspring will be born than will survive.

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Thomas R. Malthus

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observed that individual organisms within a species exhibit variation

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Charles Darwin

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british naturalist, explorer, biologist; independently came up with a similar theory to Darwin's.

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Alfred Russel Wallace.

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change in the gene frequencies of a breeding population over time.

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biological evolution

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genes that are located on paired chromosomes and coded for different versions of the same trait

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alleles

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segments of DNA that direct the production of specific proteins

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genes

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creation of gametes

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Meiosis

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total genetic material of an individual

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genotype

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actual characteristics of an individual.

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phenotype

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total of genetic material of a population

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gene pool

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an error in DNA replication; happens when copying mistakes are made during cell division. chance. produces new variation

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Mutation

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the environment exerts pressure that selfs or favors some individuals to reproduce more and therefore contribute more alleles to the next generation

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Natural Selection

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the effect of chance events on the gene pool of small populations

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Genetic Drift

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flow of genetic material (alleles) from one breeding population to another; the introduction of new alleles from different populations.

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gene flow