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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gregor Mendel
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Scientist who came up with mendelian traits and punnet squares
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Mendel's First Principle of Inheritance [Principle of Segregation] |
Physical traits are individual, discrete units that come in pairs. 1 copy inherited from each parent |
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Mendel's Second Principle of Inheritance [Principle of Independent Assortment] |
The gene for one trait does not dictate another trait (principle only works if two genes are on different chromosomes, otherwise there may be some linkage) |
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Mendel's Procedures with pea plants
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Tested stem length of pea plants over generations Alleles: tall, short TT, Tt, tt |
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Dominant trait
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Expressed whenever at least 1 copy is present
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Recessive trait
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Hidden when 1 copy of dominant trait present
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Locus
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The spot on the DNA where trait is coded
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Gene
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Sequence of DNA that codes for physical trait
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Allele
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All the possible expressions of a gene (i.e. tall and short with pea plants)
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Homozygous
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Two copies of the same allele
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Homozygous dominant
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Having two copies of the dominant allele
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Homozygous recessive
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Having two copies of the recessive allele
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Heterozygous
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Having 1 copy of both dominant and recessive allele
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Genotype
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The genetic makeup (Tt)
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Phenotype
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The physical expression of a trait (Tall)
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Mendelian Traits
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Not influenced by environment Ex: ear lobes, ABO blood group, albinism |
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Continuous traits
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Can be influenced by environment Ex: Eye color, height, hair color, skin color |
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Relationship of genotypes and phenotypes
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Genotypes set limits/potentials Phenotype are he physical expression from interaction between genotypes and the environment |
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Environmental factors that can affect phenotypic expression of continuous traits
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Childhood nutrition Prenatal Health Sunlight Altitude Toxins |
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Modern Theory of Evolution
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Evolutionary processes other than natural selection
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Two stages of Modern Theory of Evolution
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1. Creation of Variation (mutation) 2. Natural selection acts on the variation |
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OTHER EVOLUATIONARY PROCESSES Mutation |
Change in DNA base sequences (Has to occur in gamete to have evolutionary consequences) |
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OTHER EVOLUATIONARY PROCESSES Gene Flow (Migration) |
Exchange of genes between populations of the same species, reduces genetic diversity
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OTHER EVOLUATIONARY PROCESSES Genetic Drift |
The random chance a rare allele will increase/decrease in frequency in a small population. |
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Founder Effect (part of genetic drift)
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A small group breaks off from a large population and does not interbreed
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When did agriculture and domestication of animals take place? What influence did it have on human evolution? |
10,000 years ago Cultural and technological explosion (tools, structures, disease, etc.) |
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Human Height Growth Pattern
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Conception-6 months = prenatal nutrition Birth-4 yrs = childhood nutrition 10-12yrs - 16-18 yr= adolescent growth spurt (to adult height) |
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Human Brain Growth
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Birth - 25% 6 Mo - 50% 2.5 yrs - 75% 5 yrs - 90% 10 yrs - 95% |
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Reasons for presence of lactose intolerance and gluten intolerance
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Difference between evolutionary diet and modern diet Anastral diet- high protein and fiber, low salt and saturated fats Modern- low in protein and fiber, high salt and saturated fats |
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Life History Theory
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There is only a certain amount of energy available during life Used for Growth, maintaining life, and reproduction |
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Life History Traits
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1. Length of gestation 2. Age at weaning 3. Length of childhood (when puberty occurs) 4. Adult height 5. Life Span 6. Menopause |
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Gender Determination
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Males: narrower pelvis, larger/denser skull Females: wider pelvis, smaller/less dense skull |
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Age Determination
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Younger: more cartilage, less bone, rough pubic Symphysis, more enamel (teeth) Older: less cartilage, more bone, smooth pubic Symphysis, less enamel (teeth), degenerative diseases (arthritis, osteoporosis) |
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How humans have tried to classify and organize human variety and populations
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Skin color
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Biological definition of race
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Geographically patterned physical differences in populations of the same species
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Classifiers of Humans Linneaus |
[Same 4 categories as Egyptians] 1. Red (Egyptian) 2. Yellow (eastern) 3. White (northern) 4. Black (south) |
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Classifiers of Humans Blummenbach |
Added 5th category- Brown
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Classifiers of Humans Galton |
Race improvement: governments control who should breed Culminated by Hitler |
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Eugenics
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Improving human population by controlling breeding to increase occurrence of desired characteristics
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Population Genetics
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Area of research that examines allele frequencies in populations and attempts to identify the various factors that cause allele frequencies to change over time
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Hardy-Weinberg
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Equation representing the expected genotype frequencies in the population p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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5 Basic Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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1. Large Population 2. No mutation 3. No gene flow 4. NS not acting 5. Random mating |
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RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES Skin Color |
---Africa (at equator)- darker skin favored for uv radiation protection ---Northern latitudes- lighter skin favored for vitamin D absorbtion |
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Melanin
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Protein that determines skin color
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RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES Thermal Regulation |
Hot climate: taller, leaner, sweat glands, loss of body hair Cold Climate: shorter, stockier |
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Bergmann's Rule
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Mass-surface area ratio of organisms Less mass=more surface area= cool better More mass= less surface area= warm better |
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Allen's Rule
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Longer appendages affected mass/surface area ratio
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RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES High Altitude |
Increased lung capacity Better heart, blood pumping Increased Hemoglobin production Lower nutritional base |
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