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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Australopithecus
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4 myo hominids, bipedal--2 kinds: gracile and robust--genus of Pliocene and Pleistocene hominids
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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earliest hominid
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Australopithecus boisei
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2.3 and 1.3 myo, hyper robust, E. african
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Gracile australopithecine
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A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, smaller detention and lighter facial and dental musculature than robust A.
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percussion flaking
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tool making--one stone struch with another to remove a flake
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savanna
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tropical grass land
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foramen magnum
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spinal cord hole
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chronometric dating (absolute)
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actual age is measured
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Stratigraphy
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study of how rocks and fossils are layered
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Australopithecus afarensis (e.g. Lucy)
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4-3 myo, E. Afr, def bipedal
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Australopithecus africanus
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3-2 myo
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robust australopithecine
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later Australopithecine, heavier detention and larger faces than gracile A.
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hard hammer
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stone tool manufacturing--one stone used to knock flakes off another stone; flakes usu large and crude
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prognathic
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physical feature that is sticking out or pushed forward (ape and some hominid faces)
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sagittal keel
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inverted v-shape ridge running along top of skull in homo erectus
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bipedalism
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walk on 2 feet
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relative dating
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determines age relative to age of stuff around it
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homo erectus
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1st hominid to be widely distributed in Old World--1.8 myo, brain larger than Australopithecines and H. habilis, smaller than modern humans
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Lower Paleolithic
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period of Oldowan and Acheulian stone tool traditions
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Acheulian
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tool making tradition, 1.5 myo, larger tools in standardized designs and shapes; hand axe (teardrop-shaped bifacially flaked tool)
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Upper Paleolithic
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time period--emergence of modern humans and their spread around the world
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Mousterian
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fewer large core tools (hand axes, cleavers), more small flake tools (scrapers)
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Blade
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thin flake, length twice as long as width; core prepared by shaping flint with hammerstones into a pyramidal or cylindrical form. blades struck off till core is used up
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Homo habilis
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2 myo, early Homo, half brain capacity of modern humans
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Oldowan
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earliest stone tool making tradition, 2.5 myo, core tools, sharp-edged flakes. Flake tools predominant, choppers common among core tools
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Middle paleolithic
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time of Mousterian tool tradition
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Neandertals
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Homo neandertalensis--robust, anatomically distinct hominids, anatomically distinct to modern humans
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Cro-magnon
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humans in W. Euro 35,000 yrs ago, once thought to be earliest Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans)
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Homo floresiensis
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dwarf species of hominid on Indonesian island Flores till abt 12,000 yrs ago, prob descended from isolated Homo erectus population
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Upper paleolithic
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time period associated with the emergence of modern humans and their spread around the world
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pressure flaking
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small flakes struck off by pressing against the core with a bone, antler or wooden tool
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race
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subpopulation of a species that differs in some gene frequency from other varieties of the species;
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Allen's rule
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protruding body parts (arms and legs) are shorter in colder areas
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Gloger's rule
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warm areas=more melenin or feathers
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sickle-cell anemia
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red blood cells turn into crescents when deprived of oxygen; don't move as easily
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adaptation
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genetic changes that allow an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
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cline
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gradually increasing (or decreasing) frequency of a gene from one end of a region to another
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Bergmann's rule
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smaller-sized populations stay in the warmer part and larger-sized ones stay in the cooler parts
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hypoxia
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oxygen deficiency at high altitudes,
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