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67 Cards in this Set
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Did we evolve from apes?
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we did not evolve from apes rather we have a common ancestor with the apes
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Last Common Ancestor (LCA)
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thought to be 5 to 8 mya; most of the changes occur in the cranial bones; led to two different groups= modern day humans & modern day chimpanzees
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Hominid
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refers to members of the family of humans Hominidae, which consists of all the species on our side of the LCA of humans and living apes. Bipedalism and bigger brains are considered to be major features of hominids
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Did posture and enlarging our brains increase at the same time?
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posture evolved at different times and rates than the enlarging of the brain with bipedalism occurring first
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Paleoanthropolgy
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the study of human fossils remains
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Fossils
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the hard tissue remains of an organism, soft tissue may become mummified
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Sagittal Ridge or Sagittal Keel
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a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal or parietals where they meet along the sutures; only occur in Homo Ergaster & H. Erectus
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Foramen magnum
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one of several circular apertures in the base of the skull through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault
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Earliest hominid fossils are found when and where?
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Earliest fossil hominid sites are in Africa and span the late Miocene to early Pleistocene period (7mya -1.6mya)
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Ape-Like Traits
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~320-420 cc average; prognathic face (projecting lower jaw); projecting canines; U-shaped dental arcade; ridges on cranium; foramen magnum located more to the rear (walking on all fours); Femur comes straight out of the socket; knees not capable to locking
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Human (Hominid) Traits
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~1100-1400; orthognathic face; canines in line with other teeth; parabolic dental arcade (wider teeth); no ridges on cranium; Foramen magnum centrally located (bipedalism); knees capable of locking
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis a.k.a. “Toumai”
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7 to 6 mya, Found in Central Africa
Cranial capacity 320 – 380 cc Estimated 3’5-4’0ft, 100-130 lbs |
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Orrorin Tugenensis a.k.a. “Millenium Man”
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6 mya
Found in Barringo (TugenHills), Kenya Mostly postcranial bones Bipedal Still in trees, but femur was more like humans which indicates beginning to walk more |
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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5.6-5.8 mya
Central Ethiopia Only a partial skeleton was found (45%) A forward position of foramen magnum suggests they may have been bipedal At least 3’3 and 66lbs |
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Thermoregulation
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the biped is exposed to 60% less heat then the quadruped; another cooling mechanism is the wide nostrils
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Drawbacks of Pedalism
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difficult childbirth, lower back pain, hernias, varicose veins, equilibrium problems, exposure of groin, slow runners, lose grasping feet and ability to utilize trees
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Australopithecines a.k.a. “Southern Ape”
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Found in South Africa and are very mobile
Cranial Capacity 400-500cc Bipedal; Small body sizes Two forms of A. are Gracile and Robust |
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Where did Gracile: Australopithecus genus originate from and what the sub-families are under it?
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Australopithecines
A. anamensis A. afarensis A. africanus A. garhi Most likely our ancestors, 4.2 - 2.5mya |
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Hominidae/Hominids
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a "family" where Homo sapiens and apes share our LCA and evolved from
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Gracile: Australopithecus anamensis
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4.2 - 3.9mya; Kenya; bipedal; large canine teeth, thick tooth enamel; diet: fruits, seeds;
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Gracile: Australopithecus afarensis
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4 – 3mya; Ethiopia; 375-550 cc; discovered 1973; 3’6- 5ft 65-90lbs; large brows, curved finger and tow bones,
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Gracile: Australopithecus africanus
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3.3-2mya; SOUTH AFRICA FOR THE FIRST TIME; discovered by Dart 1924; 430-520 cc; 3’8 – 4’5, 60-130lbs; eats fruits, nuts, leaves; decreased canines; low flat forehead;
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Gracile: Australopithecus garhi
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2.5 mya; Ethiopia; 1997 Yohannes Haile-Selassie; descended from afarensis; used stone tools;
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Robust: Paranthropus
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share these facial features:
Large sagittal crests Low Forehead Broad face with flaring zygomatics Small incisor and canine teeth with thick tooth enamel, huge molars (grinding teeth) |
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The rise of the Robusts
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Changing (cooling) climate, shrinking forests, and reliance on new foods; polygynous social groups
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Robust: Paranthropus aethiopicus
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2.5 mya, Ethiopia, 410 cc, known as the Black Skull: the largest sagittal crest ever; discovered in human lineage
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Robust: Paranthropus boisei
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2.3 to 1.3 mya, East Africa, 487cc, discovered by Olduvai Gorge by Mary Leakey,
Considered a dead-end line, 2.5-1 mya |
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P. aethiopicus
P. boisei P. robusts These all originated from.... |
Australopithecines
Robusts: Paranthropus |
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Robust: Paranthropus robusts
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2 – 1 mya, South Africa, 530cc, 3’6-4’3, 70 – 175lbs,
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Kenyanthropus platyops
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3.5mya; Kenya; 450cc Brain Capacity; discovered by Justus Erus & Meave Leakey in 1999;
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Genus Homo
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2.5 million years ago to the present
Combination of tool use, which enables them to get meat (usually bone marrow) which provides protein, which enlarges the brain The brain reorganizes in a more efficient way: better tools, capture more animals brains, more meet, brains grow larger |
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Oldowan Stone Tools
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(oldest)
Occurred 2.5 – 1.5 mya, simplified tools with modified edges; found in Kenya |
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Homo Habilis
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~2.5-1.6 mybp, 4’2 through 5’2, 70-114llbs
Have bones they smash open with a rock, and can extract bone marrow Mixed habitat of savanna woodland |
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Homo Rudolfensis
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1.9 mya, Kenya, 550cc, sagittal crests are gone, probably ate more meat because of stone tools.
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Oldowan Tools
used by.... |
Homo Habilis
Homo Rudolfensis Homo Ergaster |
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Acheulean Tools
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(2nd stage of tools)
Roughly made hand-axes, better/sharper edges Occurred 1.5mya- 200kya |
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Homo ergaster & Homo erectus
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East Africa established Homo erectus by 1.8 mya
But researchers saw anatomical differences between these African and Asian ancestors |
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Homo ergaster
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African, Lake Turkana Kenya. HUGE increase in Cranial Capacity 900cc
Turkana Boy was a skeleton that is 90% complete and dated 1.5mybp; died around 8-12 years and was already 5’5”. A full grown adult would be 6ft and 150lbs. Major loss of body hair, sweating a lot, smaller pelvis and more monogamous relationships; difficult childbirth and midwives Scavenging and transitioning to active hunting, Prognathic Face |
FIRST INHABITANTS TO MOVE OUT OF AFRICA!
Used Oldowan tools but also acheulean tools |
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Acheulean Tools
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Homo erectus
Homo ergaster |
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Homo erectus
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Asian, 2mya-300kya (thousand yrs ago), moves into Asia for the first time 1.9 mya.
First species to make and control fire around 400kya, used fire for protection and food Used Acheulean tools, ate meat and a hunting and gathering diet is formed Avg 5’6; Large brow ridges, No chins yet, Fully bipedal, Had by far a thicker skulls, prominent sagittal keeling, |
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Complete Replacement Model
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proposes anatomically modern populations arose in Africa in the last 200,000 years. They migrated from Africa, completely replacing populations (of H. erectus) in Europe and Asia. Also claims that H. erectus evolved into H. heidellbergensis and then to H. Neanderthals (we are distantly related to Neanderthals)
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Partial Replacement Model
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Postulates the earliest dates for African modern Homo sapiens at our 100,000 years ago. The initial dispersal of H. sapiens sapiens from South Africa was influenced by environmental conditions. Moving into Eurasia, modern humans hybridized with resident groups eventually replacing them.
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Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)
Question: If so, then how did modern humans evolve in different continents and end up so physically and genetically similar? |
Populations of Homo erectus in Europe, Asia, and Homo ergaster in Africa continued evolutionary development into archaic Homo sapiens and then into anatomically modern humans.
Answer: Due to gene flow between archaic populations across the globe over hundreds of thousands of years, modern humans are not a separate species Thus, earlier modern H. did not originate exclusively in Africa |
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Mousterian Tools
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finely made hand axes, blades and points
200kya-35kya, associated with Neanderthals Lot of sharp edged rocks known as scrapers, used for cutting meet and skinning animals |
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Homo Heidelbergensis
(aka. Archaic Homo Sapiens) -two groups -years lasted & where -physical appearances |
broke off into two groups, Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens
800- 200kya, in Europe and Asia, shorter in Europe and Taller in Asia, 1100-1450cc 5-6ft, 110-165lbs, bigger foreheads and pronounced eyebrows, little chin developing, smaller teeth (diet is different) Robust body and less prognathic face and little chin |
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Homo Heidelbergensis
(aka. Archaic Homo Sapiens) -tools -hunting -brains capability |
Hunted larger animals, powerful, probably had a language, used Mousterian tool technology, had shelters and hearths
-Brains not capable of imagination, they only see the world for what it is, unlike us who can look forward to a bigger better brighter future |
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Homo Neanderthalensis
-years they lived and where- -physical appearance -brain capacity -language? |
225-28kya, Neander Valley Germany, Europe and Middle East
140kya Europe is a frozen wasteland from Scandinavia to Spain Living in caves more common, not recently related to humans, Larger nose, short legs, powerful hands and bodies, adapt to cold, modern hyoid bone (evidence of language) Smaller under 5’6 to help survive freezing cold, along with having big noses designed to cool them off 1250-1750cc, enormous brains due to their diet, |
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Homo Neanderthalensis
-routines -very active behaviors -life expectancy -died out because first to do what? |
Had religion or ritual, possibly art, music,
Very active behaviors and would kill woolly mammoths, we know this because they have a high number of broken bones similar to rodeo riders who are getting thrown off bulls all the time, can shrug off enormous amounts of pain Life was hard, birth expectancy was low and so was life; 10% would make it over 35 Short life, Matured fast, Male out number females by 10%, women dying during childbirth In the end Neanderthals died out by competition with the Homo sapiens race BURIALS- ~30,000 years ago neanderthals performing first burials, indicated they believe in life after death, offering including spears beads, jewelry; people were buried in different positions perhaps to symbolize rank in the society or to reflect kinship |
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Who is the first group to perform burials?
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Homo Neanderthalensis
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Homo sapiens
-tools -years, and where - brain capacity -physical features |
Blade Tools: first appearance of bone tools, harpoons, knives, spear points, well made bone tools such needles (allowed us to sew materials together), spears called atl-atls, (this allowed us to kill from a range away)
130 kya to present, Africa, Europe and Asia 1330 avg cc,1200-1750cc Small browridges, small anterior teeth, definite chin, vertical forehead |
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Blade Tools
-spears allowed H. sapiens to kill from range |
first appearance of bone tools, harpoons, knives, spear points, well made bone tools such needles (allowed us to sew materials together), spears called atl-atls, (this allowed us to kill from a range away)
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Homo Floresiensis
-years -physical features |
Represents an addition to the family tree of the genus Homo
95-13 kya, only 1 meter in height, about the size of a 4 year old child Long arms but bipedal; organized hunting, made fires, cooked food, 417 cc |
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Sagittal Crests
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A ridge of bone projecting up along the top midline of the skull. It serves as a muscle attachment area for the temparalis muscles that extend up both sides of the head from the mandible (jaw). The presence of a profound sagittal crest indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. Today in animals, gorillas have the most prominent one while humans do not have them.
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Prognathic Face
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Basically is a pronounced jaw that jolts forward either on the top or bottom of the teeth. (Extreme over-bite, under-bite)
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Our Last Common Ancestor
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500/600 KYA
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Bipedal Adaptation
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freed hands for carrying objects and using tools; wider views; cooling mechanism; more efficient for covering long distances and big game hunting; lowered center of gravity. The foot transformed from a grasping limb to a stable support and also elongated to increase our stride.
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Faunal
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Referring to animals remains; in archaeology, specifically refers to the fossil or skeleton remains of an animal
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Chronometric (absolute dating)
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a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual number of years. Based on the phenomenon of radioactive decay! Since certain radioactive elements are unstable and decay, the rate of decay follows a predictable mathematical pattern. This allows the elements to stand as an accurate geological clock when measuring the amount of decay in a particular sample.
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Relative Dating
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tells you that something is older or younger than something else, but not by how much. Example, a fossil cranium is found at a depth of 50ft, and another is found at 70ft at the same site, we usually can assume the cranium at 70ft is older. Based on stratigraphy!
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Stratigraphy
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based on the law of superposition which states that a lower stratum (layer) is older than a higher stratum.
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The Black Skull
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first member of Paranthropus, West Lake Turkana Kenya, a nearly complete skull that was found to be black after chemical staining during fossilization, started its own species Paranthropus aethiopicus
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Nariokotome “Turkana Boy”
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skeleton found on the west side of Lake Turkana Kenya, 90% complete and dated 1.5mybp; died around 8-12 years and was already 5’5”. We found through his skeleton that H. erectus were larger than earlier hominids concluding some of them weighed over 100lbs.
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Biodiversity
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is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth. It often used as a measure of the health of biological systems. The biodiversity found on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species, which is the product of nearly 3.5 billion years of evolution.
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Phylogeny
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The Tree of Life, is the history of organismal lineages as they change through time. It implies that different species arise from previous forms via descent, and that all organisms, from the smallest microbe to the largest plants and vertebrates, are connected by the passage of genes along the branches of the phylogenetic tree that links all of Life.
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Paleopathology
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the study of ancient disease
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Endocast/Endocranial cast
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is a cast made of the mold formed by the impression the brain makes on the inside of the neurocranium (braincase), providing a replica of the brain with most of the details of its outer surface. Endocasts can also form naturally, when sediments fill the empty skull, after which the skull is destroyed and the cast fossilized. Scientists are increasingly utilizing computerized tomography scanning technology to create digital endocasts without damaging valuable specimens.
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The Laetoli Footprints
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were formed and preserved by a chance combination of events -- a volcanic eruption, a rainstorm, and another ashfall. When they were found in 1976, these hominid tracks, at least 3.6 million years old, were some of the oldest evidence then known for upright bipedal walking, a major milestone in human evolution. Before this discovery, the oldest known evidence of bipedal walking was only tens of thousands of years old.
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