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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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communicative competence
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Knowing the rules and use of a language. Different from performance, which is actual USE of the language, communicative comp. is knowledge of the appropriate norms and how to use to the language in the cultural context.
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havana vs. vahiny
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Havana- kin
Vahiny- strangers Can affect communication. Requests between two Havana may be more direct, while it is most certain to be indirect if one of the parties is vahiny. -Malagasy |
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passive voice
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Sentence form is written in a way that highlights the object being acted upon rather than the thing/person doing the action. Used to make indirect requests in Malagasy, to downplay the individual.
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ray-aman-dreny
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(Malagasy) Village elders; literally, "mother and father". People are ray-aman-dreny to the extent that they have offspring and hence will be ancestors. Having children and then grandchildren is very important, and one who has no children is not buried in the family tomb.
Male ray-aman-dreny are under the most pressure to conform to malagasy norms of non-commitalism and non-confrontation, and downplaying the role of the individual. |
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resaka vs. kabary
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(Malagasy) Resaka- casual speak, for chatting.
Kabary- elaborate ceremonial speech, used for ceremonies like famidhana, given by a mpikabary.Kabary is concerned both with content and the proper sequence of speech elements The distinction is one of formality and style. There is no special vocabulary in kabary, it is just an ornate formal register. |
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henatra
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(Malagasy)- shame. Things that cause "henatra" are overt commital to future good, to confront someone directly, or not be buried in the family tomb.
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famidhana
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(Malagasy)- "the turning (of the bones)". The tombs are opened, the ancestors are brought out an re-wrapped in new cloths. People talk to ancestors, people who have died before are interred, and those that have decayed to bones are folded into the ancestral pile.
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active voice
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In English, we order in this voice, most usually omitting the addressee phrase "you" (ex: Wash those clothes). Too direct for languages like Malagasy that value indirectness and downplaying the individual. This voice highlights the thing/person doing the action.
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circumstantial voice
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Highlights a tool used to do an act, rather than a person/thing doing the act or thing being acted upon. Used in Malagasy to make a request without highlighting individual (ex: The soap should be used to wash the clothes)
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badenya
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(Maninka) mother-childness. Signifies people born of the same mother. Fosters stability, constancy, and community action.
-modesty, unselfishness, politeness, harmony. Badenya is achieved by non-direct communication styles, like formulaic expressions, circumlocutions and proverbs. |
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fadenya
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(Maninka) Father-childness. Unifies people through parentage with the same father but not necessarily the same mother. promotes individualism, creativity, change, and competition.
Contrast to the way men are treated in Malagasy; they are more restricted, held to higher standards. While in Maninka, they are thought to be more prone to "fadenya" characteristics. |
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formulaic expressions
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Used in Malagasy and Maninka, but much more frequently in Maninka. Expressions that facilitate greeting and Leave-takings. Because a Maninka speaker puts great value on the importance of social ties, meetings between people usually have many of these. (ex: You and the morning, Only peace, Is your family well, How is your mother, Only peace, I thank Allah...)
Highlights importance of family ties, non-confrontation. |
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proverbs
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(Maninka) Provide a great means of making a point without being confrontational. It is the voice of tradition/the ancestors, and so are taken to be truisms that are hard to argue against. Also, they are the ancestors words, which allows one to make a point w/o being implicated. They are frequently metaphorical and more ambiguous.
Supports linguistic norm of non-confrontation. |
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friendly imperatives
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English expressions like "Come in!", "Sit down", "Make yourself at home!", "Have some cake". Though these are considered friendly in american culture, an apache speaker would view this as very rude, because they would be seen as commands, which are very intrusive upon a person's autonomy and violate the norm of reserve.
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moeity
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(GY) a way of organizing community-inclusive kinship. A person in GY society is apart of one of two moeitys: Black or white cockatoos. One's moeity is the same as their father's, the other belongs to my mother, her brother's and siblings, and my spouse and their brothers and siblings.
One traditionally marries someone outside their moeity, for marrying within may view it as incest. |
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classificatory relationship
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(GY) there is a deliberate extension of kinship terms to all parts of society. People who are the same moeity, gender, and generation as your blood relatives are treated with the same kind of terms and communication norms as they are. ex: Someone the same moeity and generation as you could be called "brother", big or little.
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guugu dhabul
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a respectful register in GY. Also known as "brother-in-law register". Used to speak to your in-laws and classificatory in-laws; especially father and brother in-laws. Characterized by soft, slow speech, sideways speaking, some physical distance between speakers (to show respect).
Semantic: Using plural pronouns to refer to the singular addressee, and using special loan/made up words (one-to-one replacement; also used in polite register to eliminate crude innuendos and used to replace names of deceased) and nuclear words (many-to-one replacement, or "semantic collapse"). Guugu dhabul is a way in which language is formalized to suit a particular audience. Man does not speak at all to his blood mother in law if he can avoid it. |
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gami
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One's real and classificatory grandfathers: those in the same moeity, of the same gender, two generations older than ego.
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nuclear vs. non-nuclear terms
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Nuclear words are generic and basic, difficult to define. non-nuclear words are most specific and can be defined using nuclear words.
Ex: Easy to define SLAP, or PUNCH, but hard to define HIT. -in GY, a nuclear term is sometimes used in place of many more specific terms in Guugu dhabul (many to one replacement) |
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generic reference
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Used in Guugu Dhabul; one will refer to a singular person with a plural pronoun. This is a way of expanding the individual and showing respect by not directly addressing them.
ex: We are not amused Would Madame like some tea Also used in Malagasy, to downplay the individual. "Bosy's mother is sick" |
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avoidance
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In GY, one avoids:
1. unpleasantries and sexually charged terms between a man and his sisters and mothers 2. mother in law 3. directly facing or addressing father in law 4. everyday language with father in law and brother in law 5. loud and fast delivery with father in law and brother in law 6. specific reference with father and brother in law In Apache, one avoids: 1.use of imperatives 2. use of personal names 3. repetition of questions 4. queries as to one's physical or emotional state 5. remarks concerning physical appearance 6. speaking loud and fast |
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taciturnity vs. volubility
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taciturnity- reluctance to speak
volubility- talking a lot Anglos see Apaches as taciturn, while Apaches see Angles as voluble. For Anglos: Taciturnity indicates social intimacy ("comfortable silences"), Volubility indicates social distance For Apaches: Volubility indicates social intimacy, Taciturnity indicates social distance |
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Malagasy communicative norms
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Primary norms
1) non-confrontation 2) downplaying the role of the individual (ex: "bosy's mother is sick" = my mother is sick.) lesser norms 3)non-commitment to a future good (often a way of downplaying the self and the individual) 4)information is a valuable commodity (and so is not given away very freely). |
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Gender and Malagasy
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Men, especially ray-aman-dreny, expected to adhere to norms more than women, who are given a little more leeway. This is thought to be because a society would not function properly if no one were able to haggle or confront social transgressors, so malagasy women are given the task of being the culture's hagglers and reprimanders. They are also thought to have "looser tongues" than men, and are thought to be more emotional and childish, so cannot be held to the same standards as Male ray-aman-dreny.
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How do communicative norms in Malagasy play out in Kabary?
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-Though one who is giving a Kabary must stand out from the rest, he usually speaks in a very humble/modest way so as to lessen his individuality. He does this by:
-generally embedding/beginning the Kabary with a long apology about how unskilled the speaker feels he is -giving a kabary while standing in a group of people (sometimes) -speaking very ambiguously so as not to make direct assertions (circumlocutions and proverbs necessary for non-confrontation) -stresses that the words he uses are not his own, and that he is merely carries the words of the ancestors. |
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Name grammatical and lexical means of de-emphasizing the individual in Malagasy.
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1. Using generic pronouns instead of referring to specific people (Bosy instead of sister/mother)
2. Referencing through third parties (Bosy's mother= my sisters mother instead of my mother) 3.Using geocentric terms (cardinal directions) instead of egocentric terms, based on earth instead of the self 4. Using agent nouns to refer to people (a boy watching cows as "cow watcher") 5. Combining words with "the" to make referential phrases to refer to people ("the still not come" to refer to those who have not arrived yet) 6. Existential constructions: talking about the things going on rather than referring to the individuals doing them ("there exists looking for" rather than "Your brother is looking for you"). |
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Name the grammatical and lexical means of promoting ambiguity in Malagasy.
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1. Using metaphorical proverbs
2. Using reduplication: instead of "north", saying "northish north". Instead of stroll, say "strollish stroll" |
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Norms in Maninka
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1. Non-confrontation
2. Respect for social ties |
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In GY, who must ego never interact with and how are they classified?
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MOTHER IN LAW
+1 generation same moeity female (opposite sex) behavior: Dhabul. No interaction. |
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In GY, who must ego use Guugu Dhabul with and how are they classified?
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FATHER IN LAW
+1 generation opposite moeity male (same sex) and BROTHER IN LAW 0 generation (same) opposite moeity male (same sex) behavior: guugu dhabul. |
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In GY, who must ego be polite/formal to and how are they classified?
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MOTHER
+1 generation opposite moeity female (opposite sex) and SISTER 0 generation (same) same moeity female (opposite sex) behavior: must be polite. Should not face his sisters, must keep a respectful distance, and avoid eye contact. Can use regular speech when talking to both, but more formal with mother, and can never refer to sex or even innuendus things (like Axes, which are phallic symbols). |
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In GY, who can ego be flirtatious with and how are they classified?
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POTENTIAL WIVES
0 generation opposite moeity female (opposite sex) behavior: free and flirtatious |
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In GY, who can ego have a "joking" relationship with, and how are they classified?
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GRANDFATHER (Gami)
+2 generation same moeity male (same sex) behavior: joking relationship. Can use sexual innuendos, is a crude and direct relationship. |
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dominance and display
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American English: The person in the position of power is thought to be the observer, while the subordinate must display. ex: a coach and players, teacher and students, interviewer and interviewee
Athabaskans: people in dominant positions expected to display abilities, and subordinates expected to observe and model. |
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Role of silence in Apache
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Silence is used in situations in which participants perceive their relationships with one another to be ambiguous and/or especially unpredictable. Cases where one would remain silent, or "give up on words", are:
1. Meeting strangers 2. Courting 3. Children returning from home 4. Getting cussed out 5. Being with people who are sad 6. Being with people for whom they sing |
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Role of silence in Guugu Yimidhirr
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Used to convey respect. ex: One does not speak to their mother in law.
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characteristics of apache historical tale
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1. Always brief; can usually be told in 5 minutes
2. Always situated geographically 3. Recount events that took place long ago 4. Historical tales are morality tales 5. Intended to educate 6. Intended for a specific individual |
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tropes
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any figurative, artful, or expressive use of language. It may include grammatical or lexical choices.
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Vocable
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A semantically void utterance, with no denotational meaning.
ex. Hansen ("Doo wop") Beck ("Odelay") |
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personification
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a type of metaphor; giving an inanimate object the characteristics of a living creature
ex: the darkness swallowed me up |
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synesthesia
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a special type of metaphor involving substitution of the senses or using the senses to describe a cognitive or emotional process
ex: Loud tie (aural for visual) sweet memories (cognitive described with sense of taste) the blues (visual to describe emotion) |
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metaphor vs simile
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Simile highlights similarity and also uses words "like" or "as"
ex: as wise as an owl, as busy as a bee Metaphors highlight identity. ex: He's a weasel, what a prince, what a bitch. One must think of what qualities make up the source domain to find out what is being said about target domain. These things may be culturally influenced. ex: Butterflies are girls english: because they are both pretty apache: because they both flit around (would not use an appearance based metaphor, would always be negative) |
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synedoche
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A particular subset of metonymy that involves the part/whole relationship.
ex: All hands on deck Counting heads |
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ellipsis
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the omission of material
I went to school saw a movie grabbed some food (omitting 'I') |
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metonymy
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a process by which we understand and structure one thing in terms of a related or associated thing.
1. Close physical proximity 2. Substance for item 3. Container for contents |
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exogamy
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(GY) One must marry outside of their moeity. Marrying inside your moeity is considered tantamount to incest.
When marrying outside the GY speaking community, that person becomes a member of the opposite moeity to conform to this norm. |
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intermediaries
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Malagasy- ray-aman-dreny use intermediaries to talk to others when they want to be confrontational, usually the women in their life (their wife).
GY- find intermediaries to address fa in law or bro in law instead of using guugu dhabul. ex: When the man spoke to his fa in law's dog sitting beside him instead of speaking directly to father in law. |
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Apache norms
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1. Non-intrusion
2. Value reserve -don't tell people what to do. (see avoidance behaviors) |
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Differences between Anglo and Apache cultures
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-anglo's tend to have behaviors that are seen as intrusive and unreserved. ex: friendly imperatives tell someone what to do, violates norm of reserve.
-tend to ask about people's lives and comment on physical attributes as a method of greeting and as a part of regular conversation -volubility and taciturnity norms oppositional -avoidance norms oppositional -no strong correlation between dominance and dependence, except in parent-child relationship. Dominant people are not obliged to take care of subordinates. Not good for school. -showing one's good qualities seen as violating norm of reserve, bad luck (to anticipate good things, present self in good light). Not good for anglo style interviews or school. |
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Robyn Kina
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-in aboriginal culture, information is not freely given or asked for, non-intrusion and reserve are prized, conversation is a two-way information exchange, silence is accepted, and the norm of reserve holds them back from giving potentially embarrassing information to people they do not trust.
Lawyer interviews- very one sided. No attempt to get to know client or establish rapport. Silence interpreted as an indication that communication had broken down, or that she agreed with what they were saying. They often interrupted Kina's silences, seen as unwillingness to cooperate. Kina felt she was not close enough with lawyers to give them info, felt pressured, was not given info like the 2 way conversation she was used to, plus they used vocab that was not accessible to Kina. |
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Athabaskan children in schools
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-May be reluctant to perform/exhibit their knowledge on material. Teachers often do not model. (because of differences in dominance and display)
-Lengthy silences may be seen by Anglo teachers as student unwillingness to speak or ignorance |
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Assonance
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internal sound similarity
ex: "Hear the mEllow wEdding bElls" "on a prOUd rOUnd clOUd in a whIte hIgh nIght" |
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rhyme
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repetition of final syllable
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alliteration
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repetition of first sound
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oppositional vs. non-oppositional proverb
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non= a is b
"boys will be boys" opp= A contrasts B "two wrongs don't make a right" |
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repetition
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repeating words
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grammatical parallelism
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the use of structural repetition with variation.
ex. How in the capital city, in Kiev, Under the gracious prince, under Vladimir (in both lines, the speaker goes from general to specific) |
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semantic parallelism
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involves the use of words that are connected in some way.
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chronotope
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space-temporal mixture. Words that bring up large amounts of information, that have similar connotations for everyone in community.
Place names are like that in Western Apache; simply naming a place brings up the whole story that goes with it, plus the moral of that story. english examples: "twin towers" "Berlin wall" "Auschwitz" |
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hunting metaphor
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(Apache) Basically, the person telling the historical tale "stalks" the person that it is intended for. Because the story is intended for one person even when the tale is told in front of a group, the story is like an arrow, shooting at the person.
In that same way, the place name of the story that the "hunter" used also stalks the hunted person; reminding them of the moral and in doing so reminding them to live right. |
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Social uses of the Apache Wise Word
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1. Sum up a situation
2. Recommend a course of Action 3. Pass a judgment 4. Serve as a secular precedent for present action 5. Separate the speaker from the message (its the words of the ancestors, not theirs, so they aren't being as direct/confrontational) |
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Apache Wise Word
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Metaphors used to chastise.
-Sources are always inanimate or natural entities (butterflies, lightening) -Targets are always individuals or sets of individual (Boys, girls) -Metaphors are never based on how things appear (would conflict with norm of reserve) -Always based on behavior -Always negative |
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Apache Wise Word vs Proverbs
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WW: Formulated backward, source domain comes before target (butterflies are girls)
Proverbs: Expressions of traditional wisdom Differences: 1. Proverbs are indirect, wise words are direct 2. Proverbs can be either metaphorical or non-metaphorical, Wise words are always metaphorical 3. Proverbs can be complex, Wise words are always simple 4. Wise words are always negative |
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How do Apache historical tales provide a moral geography?
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-geographic location of the tale serves as a reminder to live right, because it is forever associated with a moral and a tale
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Speaking with names
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-Produces a mental image of a particular geographic location, which is connected to a historical tale with a moral
-These stories affirm the value and validity of traditional morality -Used in situations where a person is dealing with a disturbing personal circumstance. -Displays tactful and courteous attention to aspects of positive (public image) and negative (personal freedom and desire) faces (doesn't say their sentiment out loud, so as not to embarrass person, and so as not to intrude on their autonomy). -Conveys sentiments of charitable concern and personal support -Offers advice -Heals wounded spirit -Transforms distressing thought caused by excessive worry into more agreeable ones marked by optimism and hopefulness -Though negative, offers an optimistic twist |
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Mock spanish
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language used to express racism at a deeply unconscious level, that assigns good qualities to english and english speakers and bad ones to spanish and spanish speakers.
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Direct indexicality
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The overt assigning of positive qualities to english speaker with use of mock spanish (sense of humor, playful skill with foreign language, authentic regional roots, easy going attitude toward life).
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Indirect indexicality and Split indexicality
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the racist and radicalizing residue of Mock Spanish, that assigns bad qualities to spanish and spanish speakers.
ex: "el fish", a program that created a fake aquarium on the computer. Split indexicality: Directly, it is assigning good qualities to english speakers, but only through linking cheap, knock off-ish items to Spanish culture. "El fish" is so called because it is not a real aquarium, its a "poor man's" aquarium; and by indirect indexicality, a spanish speakers's aquarium. In this way, english speakers are assigned a humourous easy going trait while spanish culture is equated to cheap, sub-par, lower quality creations. |
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hyperanglicization
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Yielding pronunciations that are widely known to be ludicrous departures from their Spanish originals.
Creates a distance between english speakers and spanish, reflects a perceived distance between english as a superior language and spanish as an absurd or lower class language. |
