Anthro3

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modal personality

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the body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population.

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core values

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those values especially promoted by. particular culture

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intersexual

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a person born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and /or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female.

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transgender

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a person who crosses over or occupies as culturally accepted position in the binary male- female gender construction

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ethnic psychosis

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a mental disorder specific to a particular ethnic group.

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cultural adaptation

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a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive

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ecosystem

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a system, or a functioning whole, composed of both the natural environment and all the organisms living in it

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cultural evolution

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cultural change over time ( not to be confused with progress)

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progress

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the notion that humans are moving forward to a better more advanced stage in their cultural development toward perfection

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convergent evolution

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in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different people's with different ancestral cultures

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parallel evolution

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in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures are already somewhat alike

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culture area

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a geographic area in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life

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culture core

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cultural features that are fundamental in the societies way of making its living, including food producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and the work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment

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food foraging

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hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods

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carrying capacity

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the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food getting techniques

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density of social relations

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the number and intensity of interactions among members of a camp

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Neolithic

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the new stone age; prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which people's possessed stone- based technologies and depended on domesticated plants and/or animals

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Neolithic transition

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sometimes referred to as Neolithic revolution. the profound culture change beginning about 10,000 years ago and associated with the early domestication of plants and animals, and settlement in permanent villages

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horticulture

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cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes

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slash and burn cultivation

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also known as Sweden farming. am extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes.

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agriculture

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the cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production. involves using technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals

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pastoralism

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breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing animals n such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels.

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peasant

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a rural cultivator whose surpluses are transferred to a dominant group of rulers that uses the surpluses both to underwrite its own standard of living and to distribute the remainder to groups in society that do not farm but must be fed for their specific goods and services in turn.

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marriage

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a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to , sex, labor, property, child rearing, exchange, and status

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consanguineal kin

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biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives

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affinal kin

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people related through marriage

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incest taboo

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the prohibition of sexual contract between certain close relatives, usually parent and child and sibling relations at a minimum.

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endogamy

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marriage within a particular group or category of individuals.

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exogamy

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marriage outside the group

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monogamy

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marriage in which both partners have just one spouse.

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serial monogamy

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a marriage form in which an individual marries our lives with a series of partners in succession.

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polygamy

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one individual having multiple spouses art the same time

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polygyny

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marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time, a form of polygamy.

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polyandry

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marriage of a woman to two or more men at one time; a form of polygamy.

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group marriage

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marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another. also called co- marriage.

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fictive marriage

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marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs.

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parallel cousin

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child of a father's brother or a mother's sister.

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cross cousin

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child of a mother's brother or a father's sister.

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bride-price

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money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage. also called bride wealth.

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bride service

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a designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family

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dowry

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payment of a woman's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband.

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family

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two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. the family may take many forms. ranging from a single parent with one or more children, to a married couple or polygamous spouses with offspring, to several generations of parents and their children.

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household

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the basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out.

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Conjugal family

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a family established through marriage

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consanguineaL family

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a family of "blood relatives" consisting of related women, their brothers, and the woman's offspring.

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nuclear family

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a group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring. which may include a step parent, step siblings, and adopted children. ( until recently this term referred only to the father-mother-children unit)

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extended family

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two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group.

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Patrilocal residence

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a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husbands father's place of residence

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matrilocal residence

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a residence Patten in which a married couple lives in the wife's mothers place of residence

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ambilocal residence

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a residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or Patrilocal residence.

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neolocal residence

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a pattern in which a married couple establish their household in a location apart from either the husbands or the wife's relatives.