Anthro Test 3

Front 1

Positive Politeness

Back 1

Oriented towards a persons desire to be well regarded (ex. what an honor to finally meet u)

Front 2

Negative Politeness

Back 2

Oriented towards a persons desire not to be imposed upon (ex. I know you're really busy but could u do me a big favor)

Front 3

Frames (opening and closing)

Back 3

Shared understanding of a given situation (restaurant frame)
Opening: Ok everyone lets get started
Closing: Ok thats it for the day

Front 4

Language Ideology

Back 4

Ideas about and attitudes towards language (ex. there is a right way and a wrong way to speak a language)

Front 5

Mock language Mini register

Back 5

Representation of one language inside another. They are mini-registers used to represent a foreign language. Show language attitudes.

Front 6

Social Dialect (sociolect)

Back 6

A variety of language spoken by a group of people who are identified by some social characteristics (usually class)

Front 7

Social Stratification

Back 7

Heirarchical structuring of groups within a society, reflecting inequalities among the population

Front 8

Class vs. Caste

Back 8

Class includes income, occupation, education.
Caste refers to a ranked social group into which u are born

Front 9

Vernacular Loyalty

Back 9

A measure of how much your identity is bound up with a subculture and the dialect associated with that subculture.(Study in London-good girls used fewest vernacular markers. Use of some markers fluctuated depending on where speakers were)

Front 10

Glossolalia

Back 10

"Speaking in Tongues". Can be a learned behavior, used by religious groups. (Jesus Camp)

Front 11

Standard Language

Back 11

A written variety of a language whose features have been formalized (IN PRINT)

Front 12

Standard Language Ideology

Back 12

The belief that there is one and only one correct spoken form of a language, modeled ona single correct written form.

Front 13

Class Approach vs. Social Network Approach

Back 13

Class Approach: based on differences across the layers of society (people talk different because of differences)
Social Network Approach: focuses on how people in one layer are similar to each other (people talk similarly because of similarities)

Front 14

Semantic Inversion

Back 14

Giving the opposite meaning to words. Common feature of subordinate groups (sick=good)

Front 15

AAVE

Back 15

African American Vernacular English. Has become a negative prestige variety. (cutler/lippi-green) "ebonics"

Front 16

MUSE

Back 16

Mainstream US English (oprah uses it when speaking about serious issues)-Lippi green

Front 17

Ebonics

Back 17

Proposed in 90's for alternative to BEV black english vernacular/AAVE

Front 18

Copula Deletion

Back 18

No form of "to be" in present tense sentences (that coffee cold)-used in AAVE

Front 19

Linguistic Inferiority Principle

Back 19

Speech of socially subordinate group will always be seen as inadequate when compared to the speech of a socially dominant groups

Front 20

Verbal Deprivation theory

Back 20

African americans did poor on standardized tests because they did not live in an environment rich in verbal stimulation (untrue)

Front 21

Habitual "be"

Back 21

used for habitual actions. (this coffee be cold. people be looking for this explanation)

Front 22

Multiple negation

Back 22

They didn't do nothin (double negative)

Front 23

Existential "it"

Back 23

it=there (it aint no heaven for you to go to)

Front 24

Negativized Auxiliary Preposition

Back 24

Can't nobody do nothing about it. Aint nothing wrong with that.

Front 25

Metalinguistic Commentary

Back 25

Language about language. "to run" is a verb. You can't say broom the floor, its sweep the floor...Lippi Green

Front 26

Linguistic Index

Back 26

Marker that points to a particular, socially recognized group

Front 27

Linguistic Profiling

Back 27

Making assumptions about a persons race based on hearing him/her speak (prof. in movie)

Front 28

Social Power Model

Back 28

One speech community. Men set standard for powerful language. (Lakoff) Focuses on why men and women speak differently. Men speech=powerful, women=powerless speech.

Front 29

Two Cultures Model

Back 29

Men and women belong to two different but overlapping speech communities. Men/women socialized into two different but overlapping social groups, each with different ideas about purpose of language and social groups.

Front 30

Performance Model

Back 30

Newest model. Focuses on community standard for judging genderedness of linguistic behavior. gets away from men do this women do that. (Cameron-ex. how straight guys do things that are seen as gay)

Front 31

Gender traits vs. Sex Traits

Back 31

Sex Traits: Refer to biological elements of maleness/femaleness (ex. pitch of voice)
Gender Traits: Culturally determined ways in which we perform our maleness/femaleness (ex. dress/language/occupation)

Front 32

Gendered Linguistic Behavior

Back 32

Behavior that has notably different male and female versions (ex. women found to speak a more prestigious variety than men)

Front 33

Non-Obligatory cultural gender associations

Back 33

Cultural distinctions made between genders, in terms of linguistic behaviors, associating different things with different genders (ex.what are your cultural associations with nurses/celery etc)

Front 34

Directness

Back 34

Associated with straightforward statements or commands that are not softened. Assertive and associated with power (put it over there)

Front 35

Indirectness

Back 35

Involves softening or implying meanings rather than stating them directly. (it would be great if you could put that over there)-Japanese

Front 36

PMR

Back 36

Positive Minimal response. Minimal responses to affirm what the other speaker is saying (uh-huh) women use more than men

Front 37

Hedge

Back 37

Type of powerless speech. (well i was sorta thinking that maybe we could look at that tommorow-ish)

Front 38

Deference

Back 38

Type of powerless speech. (I know your very busy but I was hoping we could have coffee if you have time)

Front 39

Self-Denigration

Back 39

This is probably a stupid idea, but what if we write the project together

Front 40

Marks of Uncertainty

Back 40

Ummm, rising intonation at the end of a statement. Hesitant or slow speech, quiet voice.

Front 41

Societal vs. Individual Multilinguilism

Back 41

Societal: where more than one language is spoken in a society

Individual: where a person speaks or understands more than one language

Front 42

Stable Bilingualism

Back 42

The relationship between the languages is not changing

Front 43

unstable (transitional) bilingualism

Back 43

the relationship between the languages is changing, usually due to language shift (Spanglish in NYC)

Front 44

Official Multilingualism

Back 44

Means that, according to the constitution, all languages are officially equal, but legally, they are usually not equal.

Front 45

Multilingual nation

Back 45

Can mean many things:

A country with two official languages...
A country with many imported languages...
A country with hundreds of indigenous languages...
(Zambia, pluralism)

Front 46

Linguistic Stereotypes

Back 46

Ideas about what a language is good for and what its speakers are like

Front 47

Linguistic Barrier

Back 47

Use of languages not known by the whole populace. Can prevent people from participating in social advancement. (ex. Estonians trying to create barrier for non-estonian speakers)

Front 48

Language Planning

Back 48

Includes all gov't activities having to do with language (ex. revitalization/standardization)

Front 49

Diglossia

Back 49

In situations where two languages are used, each language is employed in certain domains. (high/low variety)

Front 50

High Language

Back 50

Prestige/public language in diglossic situations. (school/gov't/written)

Front 51

Low Language

Back 51

Non-prestige/home language in diglossic context. Private/home/bar/unwritten/
intimate

Front 52

Lingua Franca

Back 52

Language used when interacting with speakers of different languages. All participants are supposed to know it.
(tanzania=swahili, Kenya=english)

Front 53

Standard Language

Back 53

Adopted prescriptive norm language. Raises to level of gov't/literary languages. Official language.

Front 54

Literary Language

Back 54

Language used in writing. Latin is common one. Prestigious.

Front 55

Liturgical Language

Back 55

Language used for religious or ritual purposes. Old Church Slavonic/Hebrew

Front 56

Hegemonic Language

Back 56

Language to which others are compared, and is expected to be done even if not done prescriptively. Ex. American English

Front 57

Official Language

Back 57

Legal Language. English movements want to make english the official language.

Front 58

Administrative Language

Back 58

Language used by a country for internal business. ENGLISH IS ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE IN USA

Front 59

Linguistic division of labor

Back 59

happens when language attitudes say that certain languages are more suitable for certain uses (ex. radio programming)

Front 60

Code Switching

Back 60

Involves speaking one language then another, usually across sentences or clauses.

Front 61

Social Functions of switching

Back 61

used to create a sense of community among a small group of bilinguals. Use of some words from high language can make u seem more intellectual in diglossic situations.

Front 62

Borrowing vs. Code Mixing

Back 62

Borrowing: integrates words from another language to fit your language
Code mixing: integrates multiple languages

Front 63

Language Standardization (effects of)

Back 63

Can legitimize political projects such as movements for autonomy/independence. (ex. Tamil)