Anthro Test 2

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*Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
(strong and weak versions)

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Strong: Language Determines Worldview (Linguistic determinism)

Weak: Language strongly influences our cultural model of the world (linguistic relativism) ....most influential

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Linguistics Relativism

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Idea that linguistic elements (like words) have no meaning outside of the linguistic system in which they are used

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Linguistic Determinism

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Strong Version of Sapir-Whorf, language determines worldview

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Linguistic Universals

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Things that are true of all human languages-they are assumed to be "hard wired" or cognitive in nature (ex. perception of colors/color order)

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Cultural Emphasis

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The more important something is to a culture, the more words there will be related to it (ex. Old Tzelta language: Deers are important=many words)

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Lexical Category

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Categories of words that share some culturally meaningful element (animate vs. inanimate) Ex. Navajo, less animate things cant act upon more animate things

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Taxonomy

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A way of classifying things. Every language has classification systems built into it

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Noun Classifiers

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Languages have classes of nouns, each class has a central charceristic to identify it. Navajo has 11 shape classifiers you must use with handling verbs

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Ethnoscience/Ethnosemantics

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The study of language classification systems

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Color Term Research

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Has to do with linguistic universals and the fact that we all perceive color the same way. All languages have words to refer to colors. Universal order of appearance.

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Metaphor

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Relies on comparison between 2 things based on a similarity between them
Each language has set of metaphors which shape worldview (up is good, down is bad)

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Source/Target of Metaphor

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Target is the thing you are trying to describe and the Source is what you are comparing it to "Life's a Beach" Life is the target, and beach is the source

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Cultural Model

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Metaphors Provide a cultural model of how the world works. Body metaphors are commonly used (head of the bed=top etc), Body metaphors vary language to language

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Count Noun/Mass Noun

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Count Noun is something you can count (apples), whereas a mass noun is something that can't be counted individually (sugars). Languages vary in how they indicate each noun.
Ex. Time is a count/mass noun in english, but in Hopi it cant be counted

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Generic Nouns

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Refer to a general category of a noun (ex. Grizzly Bear)

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Particular Nouns

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Refer to specific members of a category. (ex. Those/these grizzly bears)

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Evidential Suffix

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In many languages you must indicate where your information came from. In Wintu, you add a Suffix to the verb to indicate where your info came from.

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Dialect/Variety

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A regionally or socially distinctive variety of a language, identified by a particular set of words (vocab)and grammatical structures

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Prestige Variety

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A dialect associated with mainstream social prestige (dialect that sounds educated or sophisticated)

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Stigmatized Variety

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Dialect associated with negative features from a mainstream social perspective. (e.g. lower class uneducated)

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Negative Prestige Variety

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Associated with negative social values but also carries a lot of prestige in certain social groups. (e.g. North end Boston associated with extra-masculine)

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Register

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Term that describes how languages vary across situations. Ex. Baby talk, formality (Agar uses example of scuba divers/junkies)"ways of speaking"

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Register vs. Dialect

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Registers exist within Dialects (registers usually involve variation in vocab like pitch, pace)

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Language Attitudes

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Attitudes about language. (ex. beautiful, ignorant, lazy)

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Speech Community

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A group of people who share a set of "rules and norms" for communication and interpretation of speech

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Miscommunication

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Misinterpretation of intended meanings, failure to communicate.

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Restraint Style

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Emphasizes unwillingness to impose on others (korean)

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Involvement Style

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Express approval and emphasizes solidarity (African american)

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Pragmatics

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Studies language from the point of view of speakers, especially the constraints they encounter in using language in social interactions

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Pragmatic Cues

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Cues that orient us to context and appropriate behavior as well as the attitude/intention of the other person (ex. gaze, speed of speech, tone, proxemics)

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Communicative Competence

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What we know when we really know a language. We can recognize and use a broad range of registers and we know meanings of communicative practices.

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Speech Communities

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Allow us to focus on a smaller social unit and help us get away from one language=one culture

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Ethnography of speaking

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Describing features of different speech communities, includes descriptions of explicit norms for communication

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Ethnography of Communication

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Includes SPEAKING MODEL

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SPEAKING MODEL (Ethnography of communication)

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Setting (surroundings)
Participants (who does what)
Ends (goals of interaction)
Acts sequence (Events order)
Key (cues to establish tone)
Instrumentalities (styles)
Norms
Genre

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Collusion

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Collaborative achievement of understanding what is going on in interaction "be on same page"

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Terms of Address

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ways of addressing (speaking to) someone (ex. nickname/title)

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Terms of Reference

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Ways of referring to (speaking about) someone

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T/V Pronoun System

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Tu vs. Vous referring to a person in a particular manner (formal vs. informal)

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Reciprocal/Non reciprocal Usage

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Non-Reciprocal=T-V one person has higher status than the other

Formal Reciprocal=V-V reflects distance and respect

Informal Reciprocal=T-T reflects equality

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Intimacy/Respect

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T-T is for intimacy/private
V-V is for public and respect

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Speech Acts

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Idea is that language allows us to accomplish goals. We can state, assert, promise, persuade, argue forbid etc. AUTHORITY controls speech acts (Bourdieu)

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Frames

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Culturally recognized situations in which certain types of behavior are considered culturally normal and expected (ex. resteraunt frame, way of acting)

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Garfinkling

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A way to reveal the hidden social expectations that frame the way we look at the world, by deliberately violating those expectations and seeing how people react.

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Conversational Turn

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Conversation is structured through "turn taking". Who takes a turn to speak, when. Length and content of turn, holding the floor.

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Turn allocation Techniques

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Speaker Select: "What do you think JOE?"

Self Select: "I know all about that."

SACKS Focused on white middle class males, other groups encourage gaps and overlapping conversation.

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Backchannel Cues

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Little cues that show that the listener is paying attention bu that dont have literal meaning (ex. saying uh-uh and ahhh)

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Closing (of conversation)

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A set of turns that result in "closing down" or ending a topic of conversation or a conversation itself (alright, goodbye, well)

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Turn Taking

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Ideal transition involves no gaps or overlapping (speaker select, self select. Take the floor vs. yield the floor)

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Turn Taking

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Who takes a turn to speak, when.

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Turn entry Devices

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Recognized ways of taking a turn at speaking (Well...you know what....but...no really)

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Turn Exit Devices

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recognized ways of ending your turn and getting the other person to speak (what do you think about all this? Its getting hot in here isn't it)

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Floor

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Refers to "having the floor" In other words, having the right to speak

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Hold the Floor

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Keep the right to speak

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Yield the floor

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Allowing others to speak

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Self Repair/Other-Repair

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Fixing an error of speech while you or someone else is speaking (ex. SELF: I saw her on tues..wednesday. OTHER: I think hes from Buchapest. You mean Bucharest.)

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Presequences

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Sequences that set up the expectation of another type of exchange

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Adjacency Pairs

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Pairs of turns that go together. Using one prompts the other. (ex. "guess what?" "WHAT!?"

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Language Revitalization

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Refers to attempt to increase or maintain the number of speakers of an endangered or moribund language

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Language Socialization

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refers to the process by which a child gains communicative competence and is socialized into a group through language

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Language Acquisition

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Refers to the process of a child learning/acquiring language for the first time.

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Communicative vs. Linguistic Competence

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Communicative= ability to speak a language well, and use language correctly in different situations

Linguistic=a speaker's underlying ability to produce grammatically correct expressions in a language

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Peer Socialization

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Refers to how people learn to act appropriately in their social group from others in a similar social category

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Positive Politeness

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Oriented towards a person's desire to be well regarded
(ex. you look nice today... its so nice to finally meet you)

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Negative Politeness

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Oriented towards a persons desire not to be imposed on (ex. I know your really busy but... Could you do me a huge favor...)

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Indirectness

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Refer to someone without actually speaking to them (ex. somebody needs to clean up this mess)