Anthro Test 2

Front 1

When did farming develop?

Back 1

20,000 to 10,000 years ago

Front 2

how did farming develop?

Back 2

Melting of glaciers led to huge grasslands with megafauna(big animals). but grasslands became forrested. the megafauna meant overpopulation, but now that it was gone, there was a lack of animals for food.

Front 3

Where did farming develop?

Back 3

It developed gradually in the mesopotamian river, tigris euphrates, indus river valley, yellow river valley in india, central america

Front 4

What about middle eastern goat herding?

Back 4

developed about 20,000 to 8,000 years ago. 10,000 years ago they began to domesticate goats. 8,000 years ago theres evidence of people using wool && domestication of the pig

Front 5

How middle easterners domesticated goats..

Back 5

they protected goats from other animals. They ate baby males and elderly females to ensure theyd have 19 adult females and one adult male. you get more baby male goats to eat and baby females to reproduce.

Front 6

plant selection...conscious selection...

Back 6

first, brittle rachis. by 10,000 years ago, all rachis were stiff. 9000 years ago conscious selection taking place. barley. rye and oats did better in northern climates. indus river valley and china, grain of choice was rice. middle america and peru was maise

Front 7

what happened in nile valley 5,000 years ago?

Back 7

changes in climate. north africa became a desert, but as the sahara expanded, people crowded into nile valley. this led to warfare and trade.

Front 8

4,000 years ago, Africans...

Back 8

experimented with the domestication of locally available species(giraffes, hyenas, etc.) adopted cats for pest control. there were little rodents and birds who ate on their crops. They also made wattle and daub houses. (make baskets and smear them with mud so they are wind and waterproof)

Front 9

neolithic

Back 9

new stone age. same tools, more usage of axe. 10,000 years ago. big change- farming/horticulture

Front 10

swidden/ slash and burn farming

Back 10

you take a forest area and you cut down the trees and let them dry out and then you burn what is left in the ashes. the ashes contain nutrients that you can grow plants in. after plants are consumed, area is abandoned. 2-3 years of crops, but 10-15 yeas without forest. mostly in tropical areas.

Front 11

advantages to living with domesticates

Back 11

allows people to live with higher density, stored food cuts down on chance, feeding crops to animals is indirect storage

Front 12

diversify

Back 12

millats and yams. millats for dry seasons, yams for wet seasons.(Africa) Diversifying means planting crops for all types of environments, so you have food no matter what. It's like food insurance.

Front 13

pros and cons of horticulture

Back 13

Pros- you can live in more favorable environments
Cons- horticulture requires more work than hunting/gathering- about 15 hours per week.

Front 14

slash and burn consequences

Back 14

people become more sedentary; more permanent living(4-5 yrs); furniture; increased birthrate; increased mortality rate; longer lifespans; more disease and contamination; warfare, stealing of women children and food, 24 percent of males killed in war, people driven off their land, causes differences in statuses of males vs. females; polygamy;

Front 15

kinship

Back 15

extended family...25 members, generalized reciprocity

Front 16

lineages

Back 16

groups of related families (500)

Front 17

clans

Back 17

myths of common descent (bears, wolves, etc)

Front 18

tribes

Back 18

groups of related lineage

Front 19

nations

Back 19

groups of related tribes

Front 20

sociocentric status

Back 20

it no longer matters who you are as an individual, but which group/lineage you are associated with

Front 21

trade

Back 21

balanced reciprocity, usually traded are goods that are easily made...more a sign of friendship...leads to social solidarity...less killings...reduces fighting with other lineages

Front 22

alliances

Back 22

feasting with other groups implies extreme trust; marriages are arranged for the purpose of alliances;

Front 23

bride price serves several purposes...

Back 23

no male can defy wishes of family,no female will marry into a lineage that isnt prosperous, makes divorce impossible

Front 24

sororate

Back 24

if bride dies early into marriage/ can’t have children sister takes her place

Front 25

levirate

Back 25

widow inheritance; marry her to her dead husbands brother; has/raises children in his name

Front 26

vertical sodalities

Back 26

the way you can form bonds is through generational hierarchy(your bonded with your dad, ur kids, ur family). Vertical sodality is composed of one lineage. Why would anyone have this? It decreases fighting and provides social grouping more interaction btwn groups so theres more unity. Social bonding. When you had to make as many alliances as you could, you’d have people to stand by your side.

Front 27

horizontal sodalities

Back 27

they unite members of different lineages and clans. Plains Indians. Age grades, special purpose clans. Theres an actual ceremony that unites people from different lineages. They’re not necessarily in the same town, but they’re bonded by a ceremony like circumcision. Why would people want to ally themselves with members from a different lineage…it reduces fighting. Bc other lineages might live in ur village, so if there was a problem, you’d try to damage control.

Front 28

leadership in horizontal sodalities

Back 28

everyone has equal opportunities