Anthro Test 1

Front 1

John Ray

Back 1

Noticed that different plants & animals could be distinguished by the animals/species they interacted with, as well as which they could breed with.
Came up with categories for species and genus.

Front 2

William Paley

Back 2

Refined John Ray’s ideas
Noticed adaptations;
Noted that things couldn’t evolve or change naturally, thought to be higher power?

Front 3

Georges Cuvier

Back 3

French Paleontologist
Introduced the concept of extinction to explain the disapearance of animals represented by fossils.

Insisted on the fixity of species.

Developed idea of catastrophism

Front 4

Alfred Russel Wallace

Back 4

Described the same evolution process as Darwin
Drove Darwin to write a paper describing his theory on Natural Selection.

Front 5

What is the "Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"?

Back 5

Principle that positive traits will be passed through heredity, whereas less desirable traits will cease to exist.
Ex: Lamarck's idea on Giraffes.
o Use/disuse

Front 6

Sherwood Washburn

Back 6

American physical anthropologist and pioneer in the field of primatology
Wrote the "New Physical Anthropology" thus creating a monumental paradigm shift

Front 7

Catastrophism

Back 7

The belief that the earth's geological features are the results of sudden, worldwide cataclysmic events.

Front 8

Uniformitarianism

Back 8

The theory that the earth's features are the result of long-term processes that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past.

This theory opposed catastrophism and contributed strongly to the concept of immense geological time.

Front 9

Science

Back 9

A body of knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.

Front 10

Hypothesis

Back 10

A provisional explanation of a phenomenon.
Hypothesis require verification or falsification through testing.

Front 11

Early Anthropological focus

Back 11

Predominant ideology that all forms and relationships were static.

Previously, the focus on where humans came from and how to define "human"

Paradigm shifted to more holistic study.

Front 12

New Anthropology

Back 12

A more holistic approach which looks at all things and there interactions to deduce understanding.

Front 13

Sections of Physical Anthropology (5)

Back 13

Paleoanthropology
Primatology
Skeletatal Biology (Osteology)
Human Biology
Forensic Anthropology
*Overlapping subfields, e.g. Biocultural or Nutritional

Front 14

Primatology

Back 14

Study of non-human primates:
-Evolutionary history
-Adaptation
-Social behavior

Front 15

Paleoanthropology

Back 15

Anatomical & behavioral human evolution
Both fossil and environmental behavior

Front 16

Skeletal Biology

Back 16

Osteology
Human skeleton
Interpretation of remains
Growth & developement
Paleopathology

Front 17

Human Biology

Back 17

Human adaptation/biological variation
ex: high altitude/cold adapation OR growth & developement

Front 18

Forensic Anthropology

Back 18

Application of Anthropology to law
ex: ID of remains, mass dissasters

Front 19

Term "Anthropology" first used

Back 19

1800

Front 20

Anthropology added to Natural History Museum in Paris

Back 20

1839

Front 21

Washburn publishes "New Physical Anthropology"

Back 21

1951

Front 22

Comete de Buffon

Back 22

Argued for an older earth (75k yrs)
Sighted cooling of iron and noted the variation

Front 23

Modern Evolutionary Theory

Back 23

The modern synthesis:
Both mutation and natural selection contribute to biological variation.

Front 24

Evolution

Back 24

Is a change in allele frequency in a population over time.

Front 25

Evolutionary time-frames

Back 25

Microevolution: changes over one generation to the next, occurs within species
Macroevolution: changes produced over many generations. Results in appearance of a new species

Front 26

Taxonomy

Back 26

Science of classification
Today’s system developed by Linnaeus
Hierarchy of categories
Physical features
Evolutionary relationships

Front 27

Gradistic

Back 27

• Both evolutionary relationships and ecological relationships
• Retained primitive traits

Front 28

Cladistic

Back 28

• Evolutionary relationships
• Shared derived traits

Front 29

Ancestral trait

Back 29

o Trait inherited by a group of organisms from a distant common ancestor

Front 30

Shared derived trait

Back 30

Trait in a group of organisms from recent common ancestor

*Most useful evolutionary relationships

Front 31

Clade

Back 31

Lineage that shares a common ancestor
Example: chimps/bonobos split from humans

Front 32

Homology

Back 32

Similarity of traits resulting from shared ancestry
Example: shared humenus, ulna, radius

Front 33

Analogy

Back 33

Similarity of traits due to similar use
No recent shared ancestry

Front 34

Convergent (or Parallel) Evolution

Back 34

o Similarity in form or function resulting from natural selection under similar environments