Anthro Set 3

Front 1

Ritual

Back 1

a patterned sequence of events, can be symbolic rather than practical. has sacred component.

Front 2

Routine

Back 2

Patterned events, but just habit, not sacred

Front 3

reasons for rituals

Back 3

1. Prescriptive

2. Situational

Front 4

Prescriptive rituals

Back 4

required to be performed by diety, religion, tradition, etc

Front 5

situational rituals

Back 5

spontaneous, funerals, weddings, etc

Front 6

timing of rituals

Back 6

1. periodic

2. occasional

Front 7

periodic rituals

Back 7

daily, weekly, monthly, church on sunday

Front 8

occasional

Back 8

situational- rain dances, coming of age, etc

Front 9

celebration of origins

Back 9

matrilineal descent, clean goat spleen shows successful ritual, the source of the domain is the leader of the community. coexistent with catholicism.

Front 10

Types of rituals

Back 10

1. Technological

2. Therapy

3. ideological

4. rites of passage

Front 11

Technological rituals

Back 11

attempt to control nature in some way. a.hunting and gathering, rites of intensification. help to get food, rain dances, water in mouth of seal to ensure return of new seals (inuit)

b. Protective ritual-attempts to control nature by protecting an individual who is doing something potentially dangerous. (trobriand islanders, Safety for the canoe-yoruba, god of iron in cars)

Front 12

Therapy rituals

Back 12

deal with illness or accidents that may cause disease or death- example navajo (out of harmony)

Front 13

anti-therapy rituals

Back 13

cause illness, disease, death- sorcery (example Fore, Kuru bundle)

Front 14

ideological rituals

Back 14

identify which behaviors are proper and idealized. help work through crisis or change. Social rites of intensification such as funerals, which are for the survivors.

Front 15

rites of passage

Back 15

passage from one stage to another, transition, resulting in change in status

Front 16

Stages of rites of passage

Back 16

1. Separation- physical or symbolic removal

2. Transitional- liminal state in between two worlds. May be dangerous, involve trauma, and the acquisition of important information

3. reincorporation- reintroduction to society with a new status

Front 17

trauma

Back 17

tooth oblation, body modification, tattoos, scarification, genital mutilation.

Front 18

Altered States of Consciousness (ASC)

Characteristics

Back 18

1. Alterations in thinking

2. Disturbed time sense

3. loss of control- physical or emotional

4. Sense of ineffability

5. Sense of rejuvenation

6. changed body awareness or sense confusion

Front 19

Shaman.

Back 19

Part time religious specialist, works on a case by case basis. has all regular societal duties in addition to spiritual requirements. independent contractor, he has no obligation to help. usually on the outskirts of society. May be marked in some way, has innate ability. May resist becoming shaman. Often uses ASC to gain knowledge. flow of info- people-shaman-supernatural

Front 20

Priest

Back 20

Full time spiritual advisor supported by the community. (like a retainer) Serves as focal point for community and a role model for ideal behavior. Feeling of being "called" to the profession. Learned ability rather than innate. Flow of information goes from supernatural to priest to people.

Front 21

Shamanic Rituals

Back 21

solve immediate needs or problems, shaman often battles or negotiates with supernatural beings. May try to affect illness, weather, environment

Front 22

Altered states of consciousness

Back 22

used to access the AXIS MUNDI or way between worlds. may have an object used to represent the AM. The expectation of the experience is key to the experience.

Front 23

origin of "shaman"

Back 23

Tungus, SIberia. 3 levels of existence.

Upper, light, good spirits.

middle, earth, people, earth spirits

lower- dark and evil spirits

Front 24

aboriginal rite of passage

Back 24

1. separated boys, mothers play at resistance.

2. transition- cover themselves with mud, symbolizes the death of the boy and birth of the man. The elders will recite the neccessary information through songs, stories, and rituals. Trauma-tooth oblation

3. Return to community as men, expected to perform all of the typical adult male behaviors

Front 25

spirit familiar

Back 25

1. healing

2. ensures positive hunt

Front 26

Tohomo O-odham S AZ

Back 26

male or female healers

sickness often diagnosed as the "staying sickness" caused by victim not following cultural rules. Healing objects used such as smoke, eagle feathers, or crystal objects

Front 27

5 Ways to enter ASC

Back 27

1. Fasting

2.Pain

3. Drugs

4. Rythmic dance

5. Spirit possession

Front 28

Fasting

Back 28

excessive length of time (+2 days) required. not effective method, results in impulsivity and aggression, along with decreased competence. May induce hallucinations.

Dehydration symptoms: fatigue, lethargy dizziness, confusion.

associated with purification, denial, cleansing, training

Front 29

Pain

Back 29

1. Self inflicted

2. Inflicted by others

3. purification

4. consequence for misdeeds/expiation

5. demonstrating closeness to supernatural beings

Front 30

Drugs

Back 30

1. Change brain chemistry

2. Huichol-peyote

3. Yanomamo-venezuela and Brazil, assists in getting spirits in chest

Front 31

Rythmic dance and music

Back 31

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, orientation association structures shut down

Front 32

Spirit possession

Back 32

1. Spirit controls possessed. Possessed is either aware or unaware of spirit (often dependent upon the culture)

2. Possessed is in control but gains knowledge or power from possession

Front 33

ethnomedicine

Back 33

medicine developed in a non western medical culture. May have biological and non biological components. May be tied in to rituals and beliefs.

Front 34

magic

Back 34

Utilizes supernatural to bring about a desired effect. The less control over the situation, the more magic is required. Does not require supernatural beings, just power. It "always works", if desired effect is not achieved, it was done incorrectly. Magic is individual rather than communal

Front 35

Magicians v sorcerers

Back 35

magicians- positive outcome

Sorcery- negative or harmful intent

Front 36

malinowski vs weiner in the trobriand islands

Back 36

M, functional, lagoon fishing, magic not required, easy and not dangerous.

ocean fishing, need a lot of magic, more dangerous.

W-disagrees, saw lagoon fishing rituals when need was greater

Front 37

How many times does it take to associate an occurence with success or failure?

Back 37

It is easy for humans to make associations between possibly unassociated events. Conclusions become drawn and set quickly. We persist in behaviors long past time they are proven failures.

Front 38

Rules of magic-Frazer

Back 38

1. Law of sympathy-there is a relationship between what I'm doing and the outcome

a. law of similarity-two things that are alike are the same

b.Law of contagion-if it was once connected it maintains a connection

2.

Front 39

Law of similarity

Back 39

Imitative magic-1. Image magic.example, na shaman using egg in protective ritual for pregnant woman, or the clay statues he used. Another example is the pictures of bison on the cave walls

2. Increase rite-aboriginal totem animals. dancing ritual- shaman becomes totem animal, mimicing behaviors that ensure success for the animal

Front 40

Doctrine of Signatures

(part of law of similarity)

Back 40

a particular object has similarity to anatomy- example, walnut-brain food

homeopathic approach

Front 41

Increase rite-aboriginal

Back 41

dancing ritual- shaman becomes totem animal, mimicing behaviors that ensure success for the animal

Front 42

Image magic

Back 42

law of similarity example, na shaman using egg in protective ritual for pregnant woman, or the clay statues he used. Another example is the pictures of bison on the cave wall

Front 43

Contagious magic example

Back 43

rabbits foot is lucky- the rabbit has no discernable ability to survive, yet they are plentiful.

Front 44

Trobriand Islander Example

Back 44

basic knowledge evenly distributed. More specific knowledge such as crafts are more technical, and are shared with only a small number of people. Example, making canoes.

Magic is a complex technical knowledge which carries prestige and may result in great wealth because the possessor of magic knowledge requires the family member learning from him to pay for the knowledge. Unfortunately, this results in knowledge being lost as it is not freely shared. The key component is the words which much be spoken verbatim.

Front 45

Key component in Trobriand Islander magic

Back 45

the words must be verbatim

Front 46

Azande Magic example

Back 46

south Sudan- they do not believe in chance or luck. objects are "medicines" term. Rituals are used to harness the powers of the medicines to solve problems. Common use of Doctrine of signatures.

Front 47

Wicca Magic example

Back 47

neo-pagan

sacredness of place is emphasized- nature, avoidance of urban, time of year, time of day are all important.

Front 48

Divination

Back 48

The ablitily to discover information that would otherwise be unknowable.

Use of the supernatural to gain such knowledge.

Front 49

Variables of Divination

Back 49

Factor 1: Inspirational (natural) or non-inspirational (Mechanical, artificial, intermediary)

Factor 2: Deliberate (purposeful action seeking out the information) or fortuitous (info presents itself to diviner)

Front 50

Inspirational/fortuitous

Back 50

spiritual experience, not sought out beforehand

Example: oneiromancy, dream interpretation (diff cultures interpret dream symbols differently) Individual dreams are interpreted by individual experience. Culturally mediated dreams are when the dreamer has been told " you will dream x or y. it will mean x or y." then the dreamer expects to dream one or the other.

Example2: presentiment, premonition

Front 51

Non-inspirational and fortuitous

Back 51

example: Apantomancy- the chance meeting with an animal- again culturally specific

example: ornithomancy, reading the flight patterns of birds.

Front 52

Non inspirational and deliberate

Back 52

Examples: harusipicaton- reading animal entrails

astrology, palm reading, tarot, graphology, phrenology

Front 53

Inspirational and deliberate

Back 53

Possession, medium, (oracle) Prophecy, seance

Front 54

ordeals

Back 54

trial or series of trials. sometimes used to prove guilt or innocence. Example the Kpelle in Liberia, the ordeal operator places hot knife on leg of suspect. if innocent, they will be protected by the spirits.

Front 55

Fore Divination ritual

Back 55

Kuru- is cured by identifying the sorcerer. Get hair of victim, place into bamboo tube. In other tube place the body of freshly killed possum. Hit tubes together calling out the name of the suspected sorcerer then burn the tube with the possum in it. pull out and look at liver of possum, if uncooked, the sorcerer is guilty.

Front 56

Azande Oracles

Back 56

1. IWA or rubber band oracle. Two pieces of wood are rubbed over one another, if it sticks, the answer is yes, if smooth it's no. (not good because of human quotient)

2. Dapka- termite oracle. two branches are placed in termite mound, dependent upon which is consumed first, your answer is obtained. only one question per day, so limited.

3. Benge- Poison oracle- fed to chicks, if they live, then innocent etc