Anthro Part 2

Front 1

configurationalism

Back 1

View of culture as integrated and patterned.

Front 2

complex societies

Back 2

Large, populous societies (e.g., nations) with stratification and a government.

Front 3

phonemics

Back 3

Study of sound contrasts (phonemes) in a language.

Front 4

UNIVERSAL RULES

Back 4

Chomsky: all humans have similar linguistic abilities and thought processes

Front 5

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 5

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf.

Idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought.Grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways.

Front 6

focal vocabulary

Back 6

Set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience.

Front 7

ethnosemantics

Back 7

Study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts.

Front 8

semantics

Back 8

A language’s meaning system.

Front 9

style shifts

Back 9

Varying one’s speech in different social contexts.

Front 10

diglossia

Back 10

Language with “high” (formal) and “low” (infor- mal, familial) dialects.

Front 11

diglossia

Back 11

Language with “high” (formal) and “low” (informal, familial) dialects.

Front 12

honorifics

Back 12

Terms of respect; used to honor people.

Front 13

Black English Vernacular (BEV)

Back 13

Rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans.

Front 14

subgroups

Back 14

(Linguistic) closely related languages.

Front 15

historical linguistics

Back 15

Study of languages over time.

Front 16

daughter languages

Back 16

Languages sharing a common parent language, e.g., Latin.

Front 17

protolanguage

Back 17

Language ancestral to several daughter languages.

Front 18

Ethnicity

Back 18

Identification with an ethnic group

Front 19

Ascribed status

Back 19

Social status based on little or no choice.

Front 20

Achieved status

Back 20

Social status based on choices or accomplishments.

Front 21

Racism

Back 21

Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.

Front 22

Hypodescent

Back 22

rule of descent that automatically places the children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group.

Front 23

Phenotype

Back 23

Expressed physical characteristics of an organism.

Front 24

Genotype

Back 24

Hereditary makeup; what you are genetically

Front 25

Cabôclo

Back 25

someone who "looks Indian" but wears modern clothing and participates in Brazilian culture, rather than living in an Indian community.

Front 26

Nationalities

Back 26

Ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country. "imagined communities"

Front 27

Nation

Back 27

Society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship.

Front 28

State

Back 28

Stratified society with formal, central government.

Front 29

Nation-state

Back 29

An autonomous political entity; a country.

Front 30

colonialism

Back 30

Long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people.

Front 31

Assimilation

Back 31

Absorption of minorities within a dominant culture. The minority groups adopts the patterns and norms of its host culture.

Front 32

The Plural Society

Back 32

Society with economically interdependent ethnic groups. A society combining ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups.

Front 33

Multiculturalism

Back 33

view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining.

Front 34

Prejudice

Back 34

Devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes.

Front 35

Stereotypes

Back 35

Fixed ideas —often unfavorable —about what members of a group are like.

Front 36

Discrimination

Back 36

Policies and practices that harm a group and the members.

Front 37

refugees

Back 37

people who flee a country to escape persecution or war.

Front 38

genocide

Back 38

deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder.

Front 39

ethnocide

Back 39

destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups.

Front 40

Cultural colonialism

Back 40

internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others.

Front 41

stratified

Back 41

Class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power.

Front 42

multiculturalism

Back 42

View of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining.

Front 43

band

Back 43

Basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people; may split seasonally.

Front 44

horticulture

Back 44

Nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing.

Front 45

agriculture

Back 45

Cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively.

Front 46

cultivation continuum

Back 46

Continuum of land and labor use.

Front 47

mode of production

Back 47

Specific set of social relations that organizes labor.

Front 48

economy

Back 48

System of resource production, distribution, and consumption.

Front 49

means (or factors) of production

Back 49

Major productive resource, e.g., land, labor, technology, capital.

Front 50

economizing

Back 50

Allocation of scarce means among alternative ends.

Front 51

redistribution

Back 51

Flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms.

Front 52

market principle

Back 52

Buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand.

Front 53

reciprocity

Back 53

Principle governing exchanges among social equals

Front 54

reciprocity continuum

Back 54

Runs from generalized (closely related/deferred return) to negative (strangers/immediate return) reciprocity.

Front 55

generalized reciprocity

Back 55

Exchanges among closely related individuals.

Front 56

balanced reciprocity

Back 56

Midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative.

Front 57

negative reciprocity

Back 57

Potentially hostile exchanges among strangers.

Front 58

potlatch

Back 58

Competitive feast on North Pacific Coast of North America.

Front 59

tribe

Back 59

Food-producing society with rudimentary political structure.

Front 60

law

Back 60

Legal code of a state society, with trial and enforcement.

Front 61

village head

Back 61

Local tribal leader with limited authority.

Front 62

big man

Back 62

Generous tribal entrepreneur with multivillage support.

Front 63

age set

Back 63

Unisex (usually male) political group; includes everyone born within a certain time span.

Front 64

pantribal sodality

Back 64

Nonkin-based group with regional political significance.

Front 65

superordinate

Back 65

Upper, privileged, group in a stratified society.

Front 66

subordinate

Back 66

Lower, underprivileged, group in a stratified society.

Front 67

fiscal

Back 67

Pertaining to finances and taxation.

Front 68

social control

Back 68

Maintaining social norms and regulating conflict.

Front 69

public transcript

Back 69

Open, public interactions between dominators and oppressed.

Front 70

hidden transcript

Back 70

Hidden resistance to dominance, by the oppressed.

Front 71

family of orientation

Back 71

Nuclear family in which one is born and grows up.

Front 72

family of procreation

Back 72

Nuclear family established when one marries and has children.

Front 73

descent group

Back 73

Group based on belief in shared ancestry.

Front 74

unilineal descent

Back 74

Matrilineal or patrilineal descent.

Front 75

lineage

Back 75

Unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent.

Front 76

clan

Back 76

Unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent.

Front 77

kinship calculation

Back 77

How people in a particular society reckon kin relations.

Front 78

ego

Back 78

Position from which one views an egocentric genealogy.

Front 79

bilateral kinship calculation

Back 79

Kin ties calculated equally through men and women.

Front 80

lineal kinship terminology

Back 80

Four parental kin terms: M, F, FB 5 MB, and MZ 5 FZ.

Front 81

lineal relative

Back 81

Ego’s direct ancestors and descendants.

Front 82

collateral relative

Back 82

Relative outside ego’s direct line, e.g., B, Z, FB, MZ.

Front 83

affinals

Back 83

Relatives by marriage.

Front 84

bifurcate merging kinship terminology

Back 84

Four parental kin terms: M 5 MZ; F 5 FB; MB and FZ each stands alone.

Front 85

Evolutionism

Back 85

From savagery to barbarism to civilization

Front 86

Diffusionism

Back 86

(british) All cultures came from egypt;

(german) Kulturkreise belief based on variation that one culture evolves from within.example: Cinderella is from china because the first shoes and many story variants

Front 87

Functionalism

Back 87

one part of culture as certain function on the whole

Front 88

Structuralism

Back 88

societal structure to explain what happens in the society

Front 89

Feminism

Back 89

overlooks gender roles and cultural relativism

Front 90

generational kinship terminology

Back 90

Just two parental kin terms: M 5 MZ 5 FZ and F 5 FB 5 MB.

Front 91

bifurcate collateral kinship terminology

Back 91

Six separate parental kin terms: M, F, MB, MZ, FB, and FZ.

Front 92

genitor

Back 92

A child’s biological father.

Front 93

pater

Back 93

One’s socially recognized father; not necessarily the genitor.

Front 94

exogamy

Back 94

Marriage outside a given group.

Front 95

incest

Back 95

Forbidden sexual relations with a close relative.

Front 96

parallel cousins

Back 96

Children of two brothers or two sisters.

Front 97

cross cousins

Back 97

Children of a brother and a sister.

Front 98

endogamy

Back 98

Marriage of people from the same group.

Front 99

mater

Back 99

Socially recognized mother of a child.

Front 100

bridewealth

Back 100

Marital gift by husband’s group to wife’s group.

Front 101

progeny price

Back 101

Marital gift by husband’s group to wife’s; legitimizes their children.

Front 102

dowry

Back 102

Substantial gifts to husband’s family from wife’s group.

Front 103

plural marriage

Back 103

More than two spouses simultaneously, aka polygamy.

Front 104

polygyny

Back 104

Man has more than one wife at the same time.

Front 105

polyandry

Back 105

Woman has more than one husband at the same time.

Front 106

sororate

Back 106

Widower marries sister of his deceased wife.

Front 107

levirate

Back 107

Widow marries brother of her deceased husband.

Front 108

religion

Back 108

Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces.

Front 109

communitas

Back 109

Intense feeling of social solidarity.

Front 110

ritual

Back 110

Formal, repetitive, stereotyped behavior; based on a liturgical order.

Front 111

rites of passage

Back 111

Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life.

Front 112

liminality

Back 112

The in-between phase of a passage rite.

Front 113

cosmology

Back 113

A system, often religious, for imagining and understanding the universe.

Front 114

leveling mechanism

Back 114

Custom that brings standouts back in line with community norms.

Front 115

shaman

Back 115

A part-time magico- religious practitioner.

Front 116

communal religions

Back 116

Based on community rituals, e.g., harvest ceremonies, passage rites.

Front 117

polytheism

Back 117

Belief that multiple deities control aspects of nature.

Front 118

Olympian religions

Back 118

State religions with professional priesthoods.

Front 119

monotheism

Back 119

Worship of a single supreme being.

Front 120

Intrinsic Racism

Back 120

the belief that a (perceived) racial difference is a sufficient reason to value one person less than the other

Front 121

syncretisms

Back 121

Cultural, especially religious, mixes, emerging from acculturation.

Front 122

revitalization movements

Back 122

Movements aimed at altering or revitalizing a society.

Front 123

cargo cults

Back 123

Postcolonial, acculturative religious movements in Melanesia.

Front 124

antimodernism

Back 124

Rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, purer, better way.

Front 125

fundamentalism

Back 125

Advocating strict fidelity to a religion’s presumed founding principles.

Front 126

ethnomusicology

Back 126

Comparative study of music as an aspect of culture and society.

Front 127

folk

Back 127

Of the people; e.g., the art, music, and lore of ordinary people.

Front 128

catharsis

Back 128

Intense emotional release.

Front 129

text

Back 129

Cultural product that is processed and assigned meaning by anyone exposed to it.

Front 130

capitalist world economy

Back 130

Profit-oriented global economy based on production for sale.

Front 131

capital

Back 131

Wealth invested with the intent of producing profit.

Front 132

world-system theory

Back 132

Idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual countries.

Front 133

core

Back 133

Dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production.

Front 134

semiperiphery

Back 134

Position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery.

Front 135

periphery

Back 135

Weakest structural and economic position in the world system.

Front 136

Industrial Revolution

Back 136

(In Europe, after 1750), socioeconomic transformation through industrialization.

Front 137

bourgeoisie

Back 137

Owners of the means of production.

Front 138

working class, or proletariat

Back 138

People who must sell their labor to survive.

Front 139

imperialism

Back 139

Policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and peoples.

Front 140

colonialism

Back 140

Long-term foreign control of a territory and its people.

Front 141

postcolonial

Back 141

Relations between European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled.

Front 142

intervention philosophy

Back 142

Ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native peoples.

Front 143

neoliberalism

Back 143

Governments shouldn’t regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule.

Front 144

Communism

Back 144

Political movement aimed at replacing capitalism with Soviet-style communism. Property owned by the community; people working for the common good.

Front 145

indigenous peoples

Back 145

Original inhabitants of particular areas.

Front 146

greenhouse effect

Back 146

Warming from trapped atmospheric gases.

Front 147

climate change

Back 147

Global warming plus changing sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects.

Front 148

ethnoecology

Back 148

A culture’s set of environmental practices and perceptions.

Front 149

ecological anthropology

Back 149

Study of cultural adaptations to environments.

Front 150

westernization

Back 150

The acculturative influence of Western expansion on local cultures worldwide

Front 151

cultural imperialism

Back 151

Spread of one (dominant) culture at the expense of others.

Front 152

indigenized

Back 152

Modified to fit the local culture.

Front 153

diaspora

Back 153

Offspring of an area who have spread to many lands.

Front 154

postmodernity

Back 154

Time of questioning of established canons, identities, and standards.

Front 155

postmodern

Back 155

Breakdown of established canons, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.

Front 156

postmodernism

Back 156

Movement after modernism in architecture; now much wider.

Front 157

essentialism

Back 157

Viewing identities that have developed historically as innate and unchanging.