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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dyadic/Pairwise
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involving two individuals
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Altruistic Behavior
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behaviors which reduce the fitness of the actor but increase the fitness of the recipient
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Mutualistic
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behaviors which are beneficial to both parties
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Kin Selection
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When primates interact more with their kin than with a random individual; leads to altruistic behavior because altruism towards kin is genetically selfish
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Hamilton's Rule
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An act will be favored by selection if rb>c, where r is the coefficient of relatedness between the actor and recipient, b is the sum of all benefits, and c is the fitness cost to the actor
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Phenotypic matching
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Organisms that are able to recognize relatives through smell or likeness to themselves
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Reproductive skew
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When a single male dominates matings during a season, leading to many paternal half-sibs
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Matrilineage
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Maternal-based kin groupings
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Reciprocal altruism
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The idea that altruism can evolve if it is balanced between the partners; requires good memory, and frequent interaction
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Neocortex
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The part of the brain closely related to problem solving, learning, and planning - more established in anthropoids
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Extracted foods
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Foods that must be processed in some way to be edible; requires higher intelligence
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Social Intelligence Hypothesis
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The ability to operate effectively in a complicated social world may require greater flexibility in behavior and favor expansion of parts of the brain linked to learning and planning i.e. neocortex
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Neocortex ratio
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volume of neocortex : volume of whole brain
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Executive brain
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the neocortex and the striatum
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Brainstem
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Connects the brain to the spinal cord and is the major route for communication between the forebrain and the cord
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Striatum
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a brain structure functionally linked to the neocortex that contributes to executive function
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Tactical deception
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The ability to manipulate others without the use of force; requires higher intelligence
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Cognitive map
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The mental representation of the location, availability, and quality of things in the environment
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Theory of Mind
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The capacity to be aware of the thoughts, knowledge, or perceptions of other individuals; prerequisite for deception, imitation, teaching, and empathy
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Carbon 14 dating
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measures the decay of carbon 14 to carbon 12; useful for specimens younger than 40,000 years old
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Potassium-argon dating
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measure rate at which potassium-40 decays to argon-40; best for things over 500k years old
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Stratum
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a layer of the earth
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Gymnosperms
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a group of plants that reproduce without flowering: redwoods and firs, dominated during the mesozoic
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Angiosperms
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plants that reproduce by flowering; appeared after the cretaceous period
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Pesiadapiforms
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A group of primate like mammals that lived during the Paleocene 65 - 55 mya; probably similar to earliest primates, which lived around the same time, but were not primates
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Hominoids
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Any member of the superfamily Hominoidea, including all humans and living apes; first found 23.8mya in Uganda
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Proconsulids
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one of the oldest homonoids; lived in rain forest, no tail, ate fruit, had relatively large brains
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Homonins
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Any member of the family Hominidae, ,including all Australopithecus and Homo; lived in open plains and walked upright
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Zygomatic Arches
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Cheekbones; flare outward to make room for larger chewing muscles
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Foramen Magnum
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the opening in the skull where the spinal cord enters
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Pneumatized
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filled with air pockets
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Endocranial Volume
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the capacity of the brain cavity
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Australopithecines
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small bipeds with teeth, skull, and jaws adapted to a generalized diet
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Paranthropus
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Similar to austras in postcranial skeleton, but much bigger teeth and jaws
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Kenyanthropus
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Flattened face and small teeth
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Subnasal prognathism
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the front of the face below the nose is pushed out
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Diastema
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the space between the canines and premolars
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Adaptive grade
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the basic way that an animal makes a living; distantly related animals can belong to the same adaptive grade
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Temporalis muscle
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the muscle that works the jaw - passes through the zygomatic arches
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Flakes
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small sharp chips removed from larger rocks that are used for tools
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Cores
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the leftovers after the chips are removed
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Oldowan tool industry
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a simple stone tool industry made by cracking together rocks to get flakes and cores; both were probably used as tools
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Mode 1 Tools
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simple stone tools made by removing flakes from cores: see the oldowan tool industry
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Mode 2 Tools
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a category of stone tools made by striking large symmetrical flakes from carefully prepared cores into bifaces or double edged blades: the Acheulean industry
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Collected foods
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foods that can be gathered and eaten immediately
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Hunted foods
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mobile foods that need processing
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Taphonomy
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the study of processes that affect the state of the remains of an organism from the time it dies until fossilization
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Occipital torus
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a horizontal ridge at the back of the skull in Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens
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Hand ax
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a common biface, shaped like a teardrop with a very pointy end
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Sagittal keel
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v shaped ridge on the top of the skull with no known purpose
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Homo heidelbergensis
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Middle pleistocene hominins from Africa and western Eurasia; large brains, robust skulls and postcrania
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Mode 3
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Made by striking large symmetrical flakes from carefully prepared cores usng the Levallois technique. the mousterian industry
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Salehanathropus chadensis
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Found in Chad/Central Africa
Cranial capacity <400 cc Derived features: forward foramen magnum, flat face, defined browridge Shared features: primitive, large teeth, back of the skull is apelike Lived 7-6 mya |
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Orrorin tugenensis
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Kenya/Eastern Africa
Derived features: habitual biped, thick enamel on teeth like humans; australopithecines are an offshoot Shared features: incisors and canines are more like a chimp than the later homonins Lived 6 mya |
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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Found in Ethiopia/Eastern Africa
Derived features: foramen magnum forward, smaller incisor-like canines, arm bones like human, smaller molars in relation to body size Shared features: thin enamel on molars, canines are still large, jaw joint is apelike, and the base of the skull is pneumatized Lived 5.8-5.2 mya |
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Ardipithecus kadabba
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Same as ramidus, but the canine was more chimplike so they classified it as a different species
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Australopithecus anamensis
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Kenya/Eastern Africa
Bipedal, large molars with thick enamel, and smaller canines Apelike skull, retained adaptations for living in trees, highly receding chin; Earliest australopithecine Lived 4.2 - 3.8 mya |
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Australopithecus afarensis
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East Africa, many sites
Cranial capacity of 404 cc Bipedal, pelvic shape and size hint at abduction and vertical walking, lived in variable environments Apesized brains, dental arcade is intermediate V, canines show sexual dimorphism, but not as much as chimps, subnasal prognathism, nuchal crest, high sexual dimorphism Lived 3.5 - 3.1 years ago |
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Australopithecus africanus
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Found in South Africa
442 cc Bipedal, positioning of foramen magnum, modern dentition and postcranial skeleton, increasing brain size, less pneumatized skull, less prognathism, smaller canines Highly sexually dimorphic, large lower jaw, rapid maturation Lived 3 - 2.2 mya |
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Australopithecus garhi
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Ethiopia/Eastern Africa
450 cc Longer femur indicates bipedalism Sagittal crest, small brain, high prognation, large teeth in general Lived 2.5 mya |
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Paranthropus aethiopicus
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West Turkana/Kenya
Primitive jaw structure, large teeth and jaw muscles for tough chewing, sexually dimorphic, relatively small brains, sagittal crest, zygomatic arches flared 2.5 mya |
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Paranthropus robustus
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Undoubtedly bipedal because of postcranial anatomy, smaller sexual dimorphism, similar derived features with A. africanus
Even more massive skull and teeth for grinding tough plant materials, also ate substantial amounts of meat 1.8-1 mya |
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Paranthropus bosei
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2.2-1.3 mya
hyper-robust paranthropus, everything is the same as robustus but larger |
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Complex foraging
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gaining sustenance mainly from extracted and hunted foods; possible cause of our extended juvenile period, long lives, and large brains
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Wear patterns on tools
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can show what tools were used for by performing similar actions with stone tools today and examining the marks
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Homo ergaster
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Found all around Africa, appeared 1.8 - .6 mya, brain size 500-700 ccs
Less prognated, smaller jaws and teeth, occipital torus, long legs, narrow hips, narrow sholders, height about the same as modern man, may have had control of fire Still developed faster than modern humans Receded forehead, prominent supraorbital torus, marked narrowing behind the eyes, no chin Why its in the same genus as us: terrestrial life, complex foraging techniques, slow development, reduced sexual dimorphism, and probably extensive paternal investment in offspring |
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Homo heidelbergensis
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500-125kya; larger brains 1200-1300cc
vertical sides, higher foreheads, more rounded back than ergaster long, low skull, thick cranial bones, large prognathic face, no chin, very large browridges not entirely sure if this is one species or many hunted big game |
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Homo neanderthalensis
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127-30kya; 1390 cc brain
large browridges, short muscular bodies, low foreheads, back of skull is rounded, small molars |
