Anthro Midterm #1 Review Cards

Front 1

Ethnocentrism

Back 1

Tendency to use one's own cultural values to judge other countries (opposite of culture relativism)

Front 2

Cultural Relativism

Back 2

Behavior in one culture should not be judged by standards of other (opposite of ethnocentrism)

Front 3

Cultural Anthropology

Back 3

Study of cultural differences and similarities among living human groups

Front 4

Native Anthropology

Back 4

One who studies her or his own culture

Front 5

Ethnography

Back 5

First hand, long-term field-based study of a particular group. Cultural Immersion.
(observe, interview, photograph, experience) ex:border crossing

Front 6

culture shock

Back 6

Disturbed feelings from contact with an unfamiliar culture

Front 7

Cultural Universals

Back 7

Traits that distinguish us from other animals (kinship, religion, language)

Front 8

Cultural Generalities

Back 8

Between universal and particulars
ex: Spanish language and New South

Front 9

Cultural Particulars

Back 9

Traits confined to single place, culture, society

Front 10

Culture

Back 10

Innate human capacity to create and transmit traditions, beliefs, symbols that govern behavior

Front 11

culture

Back 11

Variation created by geography,environment, history, politics, and people

Front 12

Multiculturalism

Back 12

-Recognizes multiplicity of legitimate culture cores/centers.
-Psychological and political orientation that individuals construct and share with similar people
-United by common experience or status

Front 13

Symbolic Ethnicity

Back 13

- Nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation
ex: the old country
- Pride in tradition that can be easily graphed onto daily life (commodity, not lifestyle)

Front 14

Stages of Symbolic Ethnicity

Back 14

1st. Gen: Non-Native Speakers
2nd: Born here, learn 2 languages, become "marginalized"
3rd: Barely speaks old language, luxury of ethnic rediscovery

Front 15

culture is symbolic

Back 15

Based on unique human capacity to use symbols

Front 16

Symbols

Back 16

Signs that have no necessary natural connection to things they represent verbal or non-verbal

Front 17

Effervescence

Back 17

Author: Durkheim
- Bubbling up of collective emotional intensity generated by worship

Front 18

Communitas

Back 18

Author: Turner
- Intense community spirit, feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness

Front 19

Rituals- 3 things

Back 19

Special social behavior
1. formal: stylized, repetitive, stereotyped
2. performed in sacred spaces and times
3. liturgical orders: set sequences of words and actions invented previously

Front 20

Rites of Passage

Back 20

Ritualized change in status, identity, life stage

Front 21

Three stages of rites of passage

Back 21

1. seperation
2. liminal stage (marginality) ambiguous social position apart from "normal" ex:boot camp
-basic to rite of passage
- collective experiences (liminality creates communitas)
3. Aggregation: reincorportation

Front 22

Phenotypic Trait

Back 22

Observable physical traits (misleading)
ex: skin color

Front 23

Descent Rule

Back 23

Assigns social identity on basis of identity

Front 24

Hypo-descent (HD)

Back 24

Automatically places child of members of 2 groups into a minority group

Front 25

3 factors of racial classification in Brazil

Back 25

1. socioeconomic status
2. Individualized parents
3. individual phenotypes

Front 26

Silent Racism

Back 26

Not overt. It's subtle or subliminal

Front 27

Two anthropological approaches to race and human biology

Back 27

1. racial classification
2. explanatory approach

Front 28

racial classification

Back 28

Traditional approach attempts to assign individuals to discrete categories based on common ancestry
-assumed that biological characteristics were determined by heredity and are stable (immutable)

Front 29

Explanatory Approach

Back 29

Attempts to explain differences and similarities rather than classify into false "discrete" groups

Front 30

Ancestry Informative Markers

Back 30

By using a number of AIMs one can estimate the geographical origins of the ancestors of an individual and ascertain what proportion of ancestry is derived from each geographical region (thanks wiki)

Front 31

Essentialism

Back 31

Inaccurate view of identities as natural, established, real and frozen
ex: black people are better and basketball

Front 32

De Facto

Back 32

Racial Profiling
ex: Rodney King

Front 33

De Jure

Back 33

Discrimination that has been put into law

Front 34

Ethnicity

Back 34

Identification with a group and exclusion from other groups because of affiliation

Front 35

Symbolic Ethnicity

Back 35

- Nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation
ex: the old country
- Pride in tradition that can be easily graphed onto daily life (commodity, not lifestyle)

Front 36

Stages of Symbolic Ethnicity

Back 36

1st. Gen: Non-Native Speakers
2nd: Born here, learn 2 languages, become "marginalized"
3rd: Barely speaks old language, luxury of ethnic rediscovery

Front 37

Racial classification scheme

Back 37

- Assumed to have biological basis
- ex: Papuan vs. African American

Front 38

Race Vs. Ethnicity

Back 38

Both are...
- cultural constructs
- evolving
- race - ascribed (source of inequality)
- ethnicity - self-identified (source of empowerment)

Front 39

dichotomy

Back 39

-complete separation of two unique parts
- dichotomy describes everything- not option c, just a or b
-gender is a dichotomy

Front 40

gender roles

Back 40

- the division of labor according to to gender
- fuels the public space/domestic space dichotomy

Front 41

gender stratification

Back 41

structural inequalities that give people different access to power and resources, according to their gender

Front 42

Key traits of culture

Back 42

1. Directly
2. Indirectly
3. Experiential

Front 43

Directly

Back 43

Lessons
ex: you are taught to be racist

Front 44

Indirectly

Back 44

Observation
ex: domestic violence

Front 45

Experiential

Back 45

Absorbed unconsciously
ex: TV

Front 46

Enculturation

Back 46

Process by which child learns culture
-teaches us symbols, what they mean

Front 47

How are symbols used?

Back 47

To create and maintain culture

Front 48

Culture Trait

Back 48

Individual item in a culture

Front 49

Mechanisms of culture change

Back 49

1. Diffusion
2. Acculturation
3. Independent Invention
4. Globalization

Front 50

Diffusion

Back 50

Mechanism of culture change. Borrowing through cultural contact (direct, forced, indirect)

Front 51

Acculturation

Back 51

Mechanism of culture change.
Exchange of features after continuous first hand contact

Front 52

Independent Invention

Back 52

Mechanism of culture change.
Process of human innovation

Front 53

Globalization

Back 53

Series of processes including diffusion and acculturation.
Growing worldwide links b/t countries and people
links: econ, politics, media, transportation

Front 54

Neoliberalism

Back 54

- Unregulated Capitalism
- No gov. involvement

Front 55

Assimilation

Back 55

Merging of groups and their traditions into society that endorses single common culture
-rejects value of ethnic customs
-assumes all want to participate in dominate culture

Front 56

Pluralism

Back 56

Ethnic and racial differences are OK as long as diversity does not threaten dominate culture- toleration
ex:marginalized ethnic neighborhoods

Front 57

Identity Politics

Back 57

1.Political mobilization of non-nat'l identities.
2. Culturally diverse groups
3. Countries becoming internally diverse