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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are stakeholders?
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Different people & entities that have a relationship to a particular environmental resource
-Acknowledges that people USE/VALUE nature in a variety of ways and all points of view must be considered (Ex: Deforestation, their points of view must be considered) |
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What are the power dynamics between Brazilian stakeholders?
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From most powerful/elite to powerless:
-International Organizations & Industries (Ex: World bank) -International Governments -Brazilian Government - try to better their country -Environmental Organization/Activists -Researchers/Scientists -Peasant Farmers/Charcoal Producers - innovation -Garimperos (small scale gold-miners) Indigenous People |
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Why is social order important when considering environmental problems?
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Social order is important when considering environmental problems because the people at the top have the most influence
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What types of political structures are there? (& describe them)
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1. Band societies: kinship-based, no permanent political structure, hunter-gatherer societies
2. Tribal societies: small-scale societies w/several autonomous political units sharing same language & culture 3. Chiefdoms: Integration of groups achieved by office of chiefs 4. State societies: Bureaucratic, hierarchical form of government w/political specialists |
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Informal vs. Formal means of social control
?? read pg 334 |
Informal: Witchcraft (Ex: Azande society)
Formal: Song duels - 2 people create songs to belittle each other & sing it, winner is judged upon the most laughter (Ex: Inuit society) |
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Types of sanctions within social control
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???
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What are some impacts of multinational corporations?
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-Change in consumption patterns
-Impact local health, economic, & cultural systems |
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How are treaties beneficial?
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Treaties can by beneficial because they determine the types of aid & help people around the world receive in order to increase their standard of living & help w/development, social, & environmental problems
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How do we define the standard of living?
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Standard of living is an ethnocentric concept (superiority), based on indicators with no universal cultural relevance (things vary)
Ex: gnp, per capita income, employment rates, number of hospitals, consumption of manufactured goods, etc -based on market-economy (not every society obtains needs through money exchange) |
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Standard vs. Quality of Living
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Ex: photographs of different societies/families with all of their belongings
-Quality of life varies cross-culturally Indicators must consider: 1. Emotional well-being 2. Physical well-being 3. Cultural connections to natural resources -people must be given the right to CHOSE what quality means in a particular cultural context |
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What are ways to change culture? (4)
How does one prevent negative change? (6) |
Culture can change through:
1. Diffusion - taking other culture's item, making their own use out of it 2. Invention 3. Acculturation - because like other cultures 4. Linked changes Negative cultural change can be prevented by maintaining cultural boundaries through: 1. Language 2. Clothing 3. Eating styles & food 4. Traditional socio-cultural structures 5. Health systems 6. Religious freedom -boundaries can be kept if people are given the right to chose & negotiate the process of deciding what they want to maintain & what they want to change |
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How does one preserve cultural diversity / identity? (6)
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Through:
1. Knowledge (of others) 2. Empathy 3. Respect 4. Communication *5. Challenging naturalized perspectives/concepts *6. Recognize the complexities of culture |
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What is multiculturalism?
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Multiculturalism is a public philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in a society
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Define Political Ecology & what it seeks to explain
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Study of law, order, & conflict, governance & power stemming from the use of natural resources
Seeks to explain: -how groups of all kinds resist and collude with authority or the state -How political & economic processes created by development projects & multinational corporations shape the use of natural resources |
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Name & describe the 4 types of political organization mentioned
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Band Society: basic social units in many hunter/gatherer societies; characterized by being kinship based and having no permanent political structure
Tribal Societies: small-scale societies composed of autonomous political units & sharing common linguistic & cultural features -usually associate with food producers (pastoral, horticulture) Chiefdoms: intermediate form of political organization in which integration is achieved through the office of chiefs -have differing rank and status, power inequality State system of government: A bureaucratic, hierarchical form of government composed of various ranks of political specialists |
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What are the ways in which state societies are formed? (3)
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They were formed from non hunter/gatherer societies, which have accumulated wealth
-Voluntaristic theory: arose because people voluntarily surrendered some of their autonomy to the state in exchange for benefits -Hydraulic theory: small-scale farmers who were willing to surrender a portion of their autonomy to a large government entity in exchange for the benefits of large-scale irrigation systems (with the community) -Coercive theory: a result of warfare, from force |
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Democracy vs. Autocracy
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Democracy is a type of political system that involves popular participation in decision making
Autocracy is a form of government that is controlled by a leader who holds absolute power and denies popular participation in decision making ------------------- Democracy lets everybody weigh in and help decide & make decisions, while autocracy is controlled by a single leader in which most people do not have influence on |
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Define social control
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Mechanisms found in all societies that function to encourage people to not violate the social norms
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Differences in sanctions
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Positive Sanction: mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's norms through rewards
Negative Sanction: Punishment for violating the norms of a society |
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What are some formal means of social control?
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Song Duels: means of settling disputes over wife stealing among the Inuit involving the use of song and lyrics to determine one's guilt or innocence
Intermediaries: mediators of disputes among individual or families within a society Oath: a declaration to a god to attest to the truth of what a person says Laws: cultural rules that regulate human behavior and maintain order |
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Define Marginal People
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Non-mainstream people who live at the fringes of their own culture
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What is diffusion, and what are the types?
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Diffusion is the spreading of a cultural trait (thing, idea, or behavior pattern) from one society to another
Types: Selectivity: Reciprocity: not always from West to East. Ex: Nintendo Modification: Ex-pizza Likelihood: Material culture is more likely to diffuse than behavior or ideas Variables: Other things can can affect diffusion |
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Define acculturation
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A specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture
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What are some obstacles in cultural change?
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Cultural Boundary Maintenance: Language, clothing, eating styles
Relative Values: Proposed changes are not compatible with existing value system - ex: timber jobs w/indians in the rain forest - chose German because time was more flexible Cultures as organic wholes: Change threatens existing social and economic relationships - ex: old style farmer buys new farm equipment, no more relationship with the blacksmith and the carpenter |
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What are some theories dealing with culture change?
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Modernization theory: theory that explains that economic development in terms of the inherent sociocultural differences between the rich in the poor
-says that in order to become modern, you have to engage in activities that would make them more like a developed nation -economic development would come from wealthy nations World systems theory: an attempt to explain levels of economic development in forms of the exploitation of the poor by the rich nations of the world, rather than in terms of the innate socioeconomic characteristics of each |
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Multiculturalism
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A public policy philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy and equality of all cultures represented in a society
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What is applied anthropology?
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Applied anthropology: the application of the techniques & theories of anthropology to solving real-world problems
Ex: forensic anthropology -cultural resource management -contract archeology |
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What is the holistic perspective?
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Holistic Perspective: a perspective that views culture as an integrated whole, no part of which can be completely understood without considering the whole
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What is participant observation?
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A fieldwork method in which the cultural anthropologist lives with the people under study and observes their everyday activities
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Applied vs. Pure Anthropology
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Applied anthropology: the application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to the solution of specific societal problems
Pure anthropology: was seen as being concerned only with the advancement of the discipline in terms of refining its methods and theories and providing increasingly more valid and reliable data -Takes theories/hypothesis and tests them, while applied aims at solving societal problems |
