Anthro Final- Kinship

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kinship

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culturally defined relationships and rules for determining family membership.

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kinship is important in:

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transmitting status to next generation
transmitting property to next generation
determining how family ties are established in marriage
determining how family ties are established for children

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what are the 3 categories of kinship?

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marriage, affinal relationships, (inlaws) consanguinal relationships ( biological links)

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Affinal relationship

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husband or wife; inlaws

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consanguinal relationship

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biological links; children, grandparents, parents.

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Descent

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social unit whose members believe they have ancestors in common.

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unilineal descent

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one way
most often found in hunter/gatherer societies, horticulture, and pastoralist societies

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matrilineal descent

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children are assigned to mothers kin group

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patrilineal descent

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children are assigned to fathers kin group.

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cognatic descent

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descent traced through both mother's and fathers lineage.

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bilineal descent

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(double descent): combination of patrilineal with matrilineal descent patterns
children are members of their mother’s descent group (matrilineal) and their father’s descent group (patrilineal)

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parallel descent

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men trace ancestry through male lines, women through female lines

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ambilineal descent

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individuals select either mother’s or father’s descent line

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Bilateral descent

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all children are members of both parents’ descent lines
bilateral descent is by far the most common of the cognatic
descent systems

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apical ancestor

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"founder" of the descent group. Common in lineages and clans.

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lineages have demonstrated descent:

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members can trace
the names and relationships of their kin in each generation
from apical ancestor to present

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Clans use stipulated descent:

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members don’t trace their ancestry through each generation back to apical ancestor

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Totem

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apical ancestor is not human, but is an animal or a plant.

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fictive kinship

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created kinship relationships where they normally do not exist; usually based upon everyday relationships.
IE godparents, priests (fathers), nuns (sisters), frat/sorority brothers and sisters

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San namesake kinship

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people with the same names share a special kinship obligation to one another; fixed system of names: son is named after fathers father, second son named after mothers father... etc.

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Eskimo kinship terminology

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Importance of nuclear family is emphasized.
Members of nuclear family given kin names based on gender
and generation:
mother, father, sister, brother.
Aunts and uncles distinguished from parents and separated
only by gender

male = uncle; female = aunt

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nuclear family

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parents and offspring living together

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extended family

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3 or more generations of kin living together

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collateral extended family

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siblings, their spouses, and their children living together.

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post marital residence rule: neolocality

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married couples establish a new home apart from their parents and other family culturally preferred, and most common in US

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post marital residence rule: matrilocality

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post marriage residence with or near wife's family

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post marital residence rule: patrilocality

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post marriage residence with or near husbands family.

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changes in US family household organization

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* higher proportion of extended family households exist
among poorer families in US;
Stack (1975) called this an adaptation to poverty allowing for the pooling of resources.
* this is common feature in recent immigrant households; these
types have increased in US over the past few decades