Anthro Exam 2

Front 1

agriculture

Back 1

nonindustrial systems of pland cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor

Front 2

band

Back 2

basic unit of social organization among forager. A band includes fewer than 100 ppl; it often splits up seasonally

Front 3

correlation

Back 3

an association between 2 or more variables such that when one changes the other also changes. (temp and sweating)

Front 4

cultivation continuum

Back 4

a contiunuum based on the conparative study of nonindustrial cultivating societies where labor intensity increases and fallowing decreases

Front 5

economizing

Back 5

the rational allocation of scarce means (resources) to alternative ends (users) often considered the subject matter of economics

Front 6

economy

Back 6

a populations system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

Front 7

generalized reciprocity (balanced)

Back 7

principle where exchanges are between closely related ppl. As social distance increases, reciprocity becomes balanced and then finally negative

Front 8

horticulture

Back 8

nonindustrial system of plant cultivation where plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time

Front 9

market principle

Back 9

profit-orientated principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods and services are bought and sold, and values determined by supply and demand

Front 10

means (factors) of production

Back 10

land, labor, technology, and capital-major reproductive resources

Front 11

mode of production

Back 11

way of organizing production-a set of social relations where labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge

Front 12

pastoral nomadism

Back 12

movement throughout the year by the whole group with their animals

Front 13

pastoralists

Back 13

ppl who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on care of herds of animals

Front 14

peasant

Back 14

small-scale agriculturalists living in a state with rent fund obligations

Front 15

potlatch

Back 15

Competitive feast among Indians on the North pacific coast of North America

Front 16

reciprocity

Back 16

one of the 3 principles of exchange; governs exchange between social and equals; major exchange mode in band and tribal societies

Front 17

redistribution

Back 17

major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies

Front 18

transhumance

Back 18

one of 2 variants of pastoralism; part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages

Front 19

affinals

Back 19

relatives by marriage, whether of lineals (son's wife) or collaterals (sister's husband)

Front 20

ambilineal

Back 20

principle of descent that doesnt automatically exclude children of either sons or daughters

Front 21

bifurcate collateral kinship terminology

Back 21

Kinship terminology employing separate terms for M, F, MB, MZ, FB, FZ

Front 22

bifurcate merging kinship terminology

Back 22

kinship terminology were M and MZ are called by the same term, F and FB are called by the same term, and MB and FZ are called by different terms

Front 23

bilateral kinship calculation

Back 23

a system where kinship ties are calculated equally through both sexes: mother and father, sister and brother, daughter and son, and so on.

Front 24

clan

Back 24

unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent

Front 25

collateral relative

Back 25

a geneological relative who is not in ego's direct line such as B, Z, FB, or MZ

Front 26

descent group

Back 26

a permanent social unit whose members claim a common ancestor; fundamental to tribal societies

Front 27

ego

Back 27

in kinship charts, the pt from which one views an egocentric genealogy

Front 28

extended family household

Back 28

expanded household including 3 or more generations

Front 29

family of orientations

Back 29

nuclear family where one is born and grows up

Front 30

family of procreation

Back 30

nuclear family established when one marries and has children

Front 31

functional explanation

Back 31

explanation that establishes a correlation of interrelationship between social customs. When customs are functionally interrelated,if one changes, the others change

Front 32

generational kinship terminology

Back 32

kinship terminology with only 2 terms for the parental generation, one designating M, MZ, & FZ, & the other designating F, FB, & MB

Front 33

kinship calculation

Back 33

the system wehre ppl in a particular society reckon kin relationships

Front 34

lineage

Back 34

unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent

Front 35

lineal kinship terminology

Back 35

parental generation kin terminology with 4 terms; one for M, one for F, one for FB and MB and one for MZ and FZ

Front 36

lineal relative

Back 36

any of ego's ancestors or descendants on the direct line of descent that leads to and from ego

Front 37

matrilneal descent

Back 37

unilineal descent rule where ppl join the mother's group automatically at birth and stay through life

Front 38

matrilocality

Back 38

customary residence with the wife's relatives after marriage, so that the children grow up in their mothers community

Front 39

neolocality

Back 39

postmarital residence pattern where the couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents

Front 40

patrilineal descent

Back 40

unilineal descent rule where ppl join the fathers group automatically during birth and stay

Front 41

patrilocality

Back 41

customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community

Front 42

unilineal descent

Back 42

matrinieal or patrilineal descent

Front 43

brideweath (progeny price)

Back 43

a gift from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at, or after marriage; legitimizes children born to the woman as members of the husband's descent group

Front 44

cross cousins

Back 44

children of a brother or sister

Front 45

dowry

Back 45

a marital exchange where the wife's group provides substantial gifts to the husbands family

Front 46

endogamy

Back 46

rule or practice of marriage between ppl of the same social group

Front 47

exogamy

Back 47

rule requiring ppl to marry outside their own ppl

Front 48

genitor

Back 48

bilogical father of child

Front 49

incest

Back 49

forbidden sexual relations with a close relatives

Front 50

levirate

Back 50

custom where a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband

Front 51

mater

Back 51

socially recognized mother of a child

Front 52

parallel cousins

Back 52

children of 2 brothers or 2 sisters

Front 53

pater

Back 53

socially recognised father of a child; not necessarily the genitor

Front 54

plural marriage

Back 54

any parriage with more than 2 spouses. (polygamy)

Front 55

polyandry

Back 55

variety of plural marriages where a woman has more than one husband

Front 56

polygyny

Back 56

variety of plural marriage where a man has more than 1 wife

Front 57

sororate

Back 57

where a widower marries his deceased wife's sister

Front 58

domestic-public dichotomy

Back 58

contrast between women's role in the home and men's role in public life, with a corresponding social devaluation of women's work and worth.

Front 59

extradomestic

Back 59

outside the home; within or pertaining to the public domain

Front 60

gender roles

Back 60

the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex

Front 61

gender stereotypes

Back 61

oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females

Front 62

gender stratification

Back 62

unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting their different possitions ina social hierarchy

Front 63

matrifocal

Back 63

mother-centered; often refers to a household with no resident husband-brother

Front 64

patriarchy

Back 64

political system ruled by men where women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights

Front 65

patrilineal-patrilocal complex

Back 65

and interrelated constellation of patrilineality, patrilocality, warfare, and male supremacy

Front 66

sexual dimorphism

Back 66

marked differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals

Front 67

sexual orientation

Back 67

a person's habitual sexual attraction to, and activities with, persons of the opposite sex, heterosexuality; the same sex, homsexuality; or both sexes, bisexuality.