Anthro Exam 2

Front 1

Two Forms of Family

Back 1

Nuclear - parents and immediate offspring

Extended- 3 or more generations in same household

Front 2

Types of Relatives

Back 2

consanguineal - blood relatives
affinal - relatives by marriage (in laws)
lineal - related by a direct line of descent
collateral- related to Ego through lineal relatives
cross - related to Ego through opposite sex collateral relatives
parallel - related to Ego through same sex collateral relatives

Front 3

Three types of Kindred

Back 3

matrilateral - all recognized kin on mother's side
patrilateral - all recognized kin on father's side
bilateral - all kin on both mother's and father's sides

Front 4

Descent Groups

Back 4

Provide means for the organization of: primary identity, political units, management of property, regulation of marriage, and ritual units

Front 5

Four types of descent groups

Back 5

lineage - corporate descent group whose members can trace common descent to a known or living ancestor
clan - named descent group whose members can trace descent to a mythological or very distant ancestor
phratry - a group of clans
moiety - two groups of clans divides the society into two exogamous groups

Front 6

Marriage

Back 6

In most cases the establishment of an enduring domestic relationship providing for: sexual rights; rights to spouse’s labor; rights to spouse’s property and/or income; rights of spouses to claim offspring resulting from the union; rights of offspring to claim legal legitimacy.

Front 7

Marriage Rules

Back 7

exogamy - one must marry outside of descent group endogamy - one must marry within descent group

Front 8

3 types of Residence Rules

Back 8

matrilocality - a couple lives with the wife’s mother
patrilocality - a couple lives with the husband’s father
neolocality - a couple establishes a separate residence

Front 9

Forms of Marriage

Back 9

monogamy -a couple consists of one husband
and one wife
polygamy - plural spouses
polygyny - a man is married to two or more women
polyandry - a woman is married to two or more men
levirate - a woman marries her deceased husband’s brother
sororate - a woman marries her deceased sister’s husband

Front 10

Forms of Marriage Exchange

Back 10

matrilocality - a couple lives with the wife’s mother
patrilocality - a couple lives with the husband’s father
neolocality - a couple establishes a separate residence

Front 11

What are possible varieties of polygamy?

Back 11

Polygny
Polyandry
Group Marriage

Front 12

Bridewealth or Brideprice

Back 12

A widespread custom that requires a man and his relative to transfer wealth to the relatives of his bride is:

Front 13

Ambilocal

Back 13

A postmarital residence pattern which allows a couple to live with either the wife's or husband's kin:

Front 14

Rites of passage

Back 14

A public ceremony or ritual recognizing and marking a person's transition from one group or status to another.

Front 15

Ritual

Back 15

Organized behavior intended to influence or direct supernatural powers is called:

Front 16

matrilocal

Back 16

a couple lives with the wife’s mother

Front 17

patrilocal

Back 17

a couple lives with the husband’s father

Front 18

neolocal

Back 18

a couple establishes a separate residence

Front 19

Ambilocal

Back 19

postmarital residence is optional between either the wife's or the husband's kin'; roughly half of all couples choose each

Front 20

Phonology

Back 20

rules for combining sounds; study of sound systems

Front 21

lexicon

Back 21

everything speakers know about their language

Front 22

Phonemes

Back 22

basic building block (minimum units of distinctive sound); individual sounds; patterned differently in different languages

Front 23

Morphemes

Back 23

a sequence of phonemes that have meanings

Front 24

Semantics

Back 24

Rules for combining words to produce meaning

Front 25

Dialects

Back 25

variations related to geographic regions and social class

Front 26

Signs

Back 26

recognized by all culture members and have ONE possible meaning

Front 27

Symbols

Back 27

a word, object, or image or behavior that conveys meaning; MORE THAN ONE possible meaning.

Front 28

Referent

Back 28

What a symbol stands for

Front 29

Whorf- Sapir Hypothesis

Back 29

the idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and world view of its speakers

Front 30

Kinesics

Back 30

studies the role bodily motions in communication

Front 31

Proxemics

Back 31

studies the meanings conveyed by space and distance

Front 32

Sociolinguistics

Back 32

1. Study of culture and speech
2. Speech behavior
affected by cultural factors

Front 33

Ritual

Back 33

Stylized repetitive acts performed at a set time and location.

Front 34

Religion

Back 34

System of beliefs involving the worship of supernatural forces or beings that provides the “shape” and meaning to one’s perception of the universe. Religion also provides a sense of
order and an understanding and meaning for inexplicable events.

Front 35

Animatism

Back 35

belief in a supernatural, impersonal power that is potentially everywhere and neither good or evil.

Front 36

Animism

Back 36

belief that natural objects such as rocks, trees,
clouds, etc. are animated by spirits. Common among
Native American cultures.

Front 37

ancestral spirits

Back 37

souls or ghosts of ancestors which have been freed from the body by death and continue to
exist

Front 38

Gods and Goddesses

Back 38

Individual identities with recognizable
attributes which are more powerful than spirits.

Front 39

Monotheism

Back 39

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (one God);

Front 40

Polytheism

Back 40

–Hinduism, Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu
(Multiple Gods)

Front 41

Religious leaders

Back 41

Priest-Leader of organized religion (a.k.a. pastor, preacher,rabbi, minister, mullah, etc.)
Shaman-Unorganized religion; in direct contact with the Spirit world; a religious entrepreneur
Prophet-Receives divine revelation concerning restructuring religion/society

Front 42

Magic

Back 42

Composed of ritual formulas performed in
a certain way. Sympathetic magic (like produces like) and Contagious magic (once in contact–can influence).
Witchcraft provides the explanation for most effects of
magic.

Front 43

divination

Back 43

Magical procedure in which a cause of a particular event or future is determined.

Front 44

Psychological and Social Functions of Religion

Back 44

Religion fulfills psychological needs such as comfort in times of distress; an
explanation for death; relief of anxieties
and fears about the unknown. It is
called upon during rites of passage such as birth, death, marriage, and during
serious illnesses. It provides social needs that reinforce group norms; promote
social homogeneity; provide a basis for common purpose and v
alues; reinforces
group identity; and brings people together.

Front 45

Visual Arts

Back 45

People in all societies adorn objects with visual designs. They decorate bodies, utensils, homes, public buildings, and ritual objects. The world is a ―"canvas"

Front 46

Aesthetic

Back 46

A culturally defined quality that is subjective, and cannot be separated from culture, is unrelated to complexity, difficulty, or skills in creation or performance.

Front 47

Body Art

Back 47

Scarification and Tattoo, Alterations, Body Painting

Front 48

Ornamentation

Back 48

Design added to form may be woven, carved, painted, incised, modeled, or sewn.

Front 49

Anthropomorphic Imagery

Back 49

Attributing "life" or "spirit" to decorated objects.

Front 50

Iconography

Back 50

Analysis of conventional images, sacred or secular.

Front 51

Artisans

Back 51

Specialized craftspeople who may produce items from leather, gold, silver, precious stones, or other objects.

Front 52

Fine Art

Folk Art

Back 52

- produced by specialists employed by elites

- objects produced by members of other classes for their own use.

Front 53

Performance Arts

Back 53

encompass music, song, and dance, which use voice, instruments and movement to delight the senses and communicate.

Front 54

Music and Dance

Back 54

reflect cultural and social organization through words of a song, or performance of a dance. Rights to perform dances or songs reflect gender and other aspects of social organization
. MBUTI:The molimo cannot be viewed by women or by uninitiated (through hunting) male youths.

Front 55

Innovation

Back 55

anything– from religious beliefs to technology – that is internally generated by a member of a culture

Front 56

Diffusion

Back 56

“borrowing” or adopting or adapting a culture trait from another society.
(The Horse changing the Plains Indians in North America)
(Religion in Mexico, Central and South America)

Front 57

Ethnicity

Back 57

An Ethnic Group is a named social category based on perceptions of shared social experience or ancestry.
Members see themselves as sharing cultural transitions and history that distinguish them from other groups.

Front 58

Ethnic Boundary Markers

Back 58

Identify members to one another
Demonstrate identify and distinctiveness from non - members.
(Example the Traje of Traditional Maya women in Guatemala)

Front 59

Ethnic Homogenization

Back 59

One group attempts to eliminate rival ethnic groups in a particular region or country
1) Ethnic cleansing Yugoslavia –Croatia – genocide or relocation
2) Assimilation - Native Americans in Indian Schools
3) Accommodation - Formal support and recognition of ethnic and cultural differences

Front 60

Indigenous Peoples

Back 60

Culturally distinct groups that have occupied a region longer than other immigrant or colonist groups