Anthro Exam 1

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anthropology

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comp study of human societies & cultures

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holistic/holism

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viewing culture as a whole

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cultural anthropology

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study of human behavior- learned, typical of groups of people

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society

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set of social rel. among people w/i geo. area, including status & roles

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culture

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learned behaviors & symbols allow people to live in groups

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historical ethnography

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descrp. of cultural past based on written records,interv., & archaeo.

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anthropological linguistics

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understanding lang. and its relation to culture

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archaeology

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subdis of anthro.-focuses on reconstruction of past cultres based on material remains

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prehistoric

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societies for which we have no usable written records

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artifact

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any object made/mod. by human beings- used to refer to objects made by past cultures

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urban archaeology

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archae. investig. of current-day cities

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cultural resource management

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protection & manag. of archaeo., archival, & archit. resources

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bio/physical anthropology

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study of humankind from a bio perspective

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paleoanthropology

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subdis. of anthro concerned w/ tracing evolution of humankind in fossil record

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human variation

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subdis. of anthro concerned w/ mapping & explaining phy. diff. among modern human groups

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primate

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member of bio order of mammals that includes human beings, apes, & monkeys, prosimians(lemurs, tairsirs, etc)

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applied anthropology

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solution of human problems

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forensic anthropology

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id of skeletalized or badly decomp. human remains

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ethnocentrism

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to avoid it (our culture is the right culture)

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racism

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some human pops are superior to others

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biopsychological equality

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all human groups have same bio & mental capabilities

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racialism

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bio fixed races w/ diff moral, intell, & phy charact.-that can be ranked on 1 hierarchy

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cultural relativism

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no universal standards- all cultures may be evaluated

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emic

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native's point of view

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etic

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observer's/outsiders point pf view

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indigenous peoples

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people who occupied region for long time but who have minority position & little, no influence in gov't of nationstate that controls theri land

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fieldwork

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source of data, living in culture for 1 yr +

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nomothetic

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charact. of what makes us human ww

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reflexive

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reflect back on ourselves

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discourse

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way of expressing thoughts on subj. verballyin formal, orderly ext.

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diachronic

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ext thgh time: analyzes subj over period of time

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synchronic

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happening at same time: analyze what is happening/existingat 1 point in time

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aims/goals of cultural anthropology?

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*learned
*use symbols & languages
*shared
*adaptive, maladaptive
*fluid, subj to change
*all cultures are competent
*comparative

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major ? addressed by discipline

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what is it that makes us, as a species, human?

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charact. define disc. of anthropolgy?

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1. cultural
2. contextual
3. comparative
4. cross-cultural
5. culture as a construct/creation
6. cultural relativism
7. emic/etic
8. holistic
9. fieldwork
10. ethnography
11. participant-obs
12. informants

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anthro diff. from other ss & human discp.?

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*history is concerned w/ course of key events, dev situations, key figs involved

*sociology focuses on social struct & processes in modern, dev societies

*geography concerns itself w/ place, space & location

*religion concerns itself w/ belief systems based on dogma that est belief

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Franz Boas?

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*teacher of 1st generation of cultural anthro in US
*put discipline on firm empirical basis

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symbol

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s/t that stands for s/t else:central to culture

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platicity

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ability of humans to change behavior in resp. to wide range of envior. demands

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cultural ecology

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cultural patterns as adaptive resp. to basic problems of human surv & reprod.

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cultural materialism

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primary task of anthro is to account for sim. & diff. among cultures

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neo-evolutionism

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historical change of culture from small-scale societies to ext. large-scale societies

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neo-Marxism

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applying insights of Marxist thought to anthro

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sociobiology

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explores relationship between human cultural behavior and genetics

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ethnoscience

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focuses on ways in which mem. of culture classify their world

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cognitive anthropology

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defines culture in terms of rules and meanings underlying human behavior

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ethnobotany

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describing ways in which diff. cultures classify plants

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ethnomedicine

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describing medical systems of diff. cultures

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structural anthropology

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holds that all cultures reflect sim. deep, underlying patterns and anthros should decipher these patterns

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interp/symb anthropology

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emphasizes culture as a system of meaning & proposes aim of cult. anthro to interp. meanings

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functionalism

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specific institutions funct to support struct of society or serve needs of individuals in society

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ecological functionalism

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holds the ways in whch cultural insti work can best be understood by examining their effects on the envior.

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norm

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ideal cultural pattern that influences behavior in society

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value

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what is true, right, and beautiful

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subculture

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system of percep, values, beliefs, customs that are sig diff from those of a larger, dom culture w/i the same society

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fem anthropology

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focuses on describing and explaining the social roles of women

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innovation

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new variation on existing cult. patterns that is accep by other mem of society

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diffusion

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spread of cultural elements from one culture to another thgh cultural contact

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transculturation

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transformation of adopted cultural traits, resulting in new cult forms