Anthro

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Ethnicity

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means of identification w/ and feeling part , an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

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Minority Groups

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subordiate groups in a social political bureaucracy , w/ inferior power & less secure acess to resources than majority groups have

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Majority Groups

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superordinate, dominant, or controlling groups in a social-political bureaucracy

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Racial Classification

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the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry

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Clines

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Gradual gentic shifts

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Phenotype

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"manifest biology" -anatompy and physiology of living organism

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Natural Selection

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process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given enviornment do so

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Race

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an ethnic group assumed to have a biologial basis (cultural category)

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Descent

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rule assigning social identity on the basis of some aspect of ones ancestry

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Hypodescent

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rule that automatically places the children of a union/marriage between members of different socioeconomic groups in less privileged group

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Nation

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Once a synonym for ethnic group, designating a single culture sharing language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, kinship---now more closely related to "State/Nation State"

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Nationalities

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ethnic groups that once had or wish to have/regain , autonomous political status (their own country).

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Assimilation

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the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; where minority group is incorporated into dominate culture to the point that it no longer exsists as a seperate cultural unit.

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Plural Society

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a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization and the economic interdependance of those groups.

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Multiculturalism

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view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desireable, socializes individuals into dominate and ethinc culture

*** opposite of assimilation

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Prejudice

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devaluating a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, or attributes

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Stereotypes

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are ideas often unfavorable about what the members of a group are like.

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Discrimination

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refers to the policies/practices that harms a group and its members.

can be practiced as:

"de facto"-not legally sanctioned

"de jure"-part of law, socially acceptable

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Geneocide

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The deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

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Ethnocide

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dominant culture FORCES ethnic group to adopt dominant culture.

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Ethnic Expulsion

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aims at removing groups who are culturally diff. from a country.

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Refugees

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ppl who have been forced or who have been choosen to flee the country to escape persecution/war.

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Cultural Colonialism

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refers to interracial domination by one group forcing its culture/idiology over others.

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Sexual dimorphism

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differences in male and female biology BESIDES the contrasts in breasts and genitals...which has decreased over human biological evolution

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Gender

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cultural construction of wheather one is female,male or someone else.

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Gender Roles

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tasks and activities a culture assigns by gender

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Gender Stereotypes

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oversimplified but strongly held ideas about what characteristics of males and females

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Gender Stratification

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unequal distribution of rewards, resources, power, prestige, human rights, personal freedom, between men and women, reflecting their positions in hierarchy.

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Domestic and Public Dichotomy

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strong diifferentiation between the home and the outside world...leads to stratification because public activities have greater prestige than dometic ones do(Men>Woman)

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Patrilineal-Patrilocal Complex

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an interelated constellation of patrilinity , patrilocality, warfare and male supremacy.

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Patriarchy

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describes a political system ruled by men in which women have inferior social and political status, including basic human rights.

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Intersex

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encompasses a group if conditions involving a discrepancy between the external genitals and the internal genitals

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Transgender

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a category of varied individuals whose gender identity contrasts their biological sex @ birth and the gender identity that society assigned to them in infancy.

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Gender identity

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refers to whether a person feels and is regarded as male, female or something else.

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Sexual orientation

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refers to a person's sexual attraction to and habitual sexual activities w/ persons of the opp. sex, same or both.

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Religion

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Beliefs and rituals concerned w/ supernatural beings, powers and forces.

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Communitas

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intense community spirit a feeling of great social solidarity, equality and togetherness; characteristic of the ppl experiencing liminality together.

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Religion in Latin

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"Religare"- to tie/bind

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Shamans

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a part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary ppl and supernatural beings/forces.

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Animism

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belief in souls/ "doubles" (awake during trancendence states)

thought to be the first form of religion by Edward B. Taylor

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Polithesim

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multipule gods

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Monotheism

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belief in a single powerful diety

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Mana

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sacred impersonal force in melanesian and polynesian religions

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taboo

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prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions

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magic

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refers to the supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims.

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Rituals

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behavior that is formal, stylized, respective and stereotyped , performed earnestly as a social act rituals are held at set times and places and have liturgical orders

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rites of passage

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culturally defined activities ass. w/ the transition from one place or stage of life to another

*** all have 3 phases

1 separation

2 liminality

3 incorporation

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liminality

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critically important marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage.

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Totems

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an animal/plant/geographic feature association w/ a specific social group to which that totem is scared is sacred or symbolically unparant

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How do leaders mobalize their communities and gain support?

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persuation/fear/hatred

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purpose of moral codes

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maintaining order and stability that are constantly reinforced in religious sermons

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revitalization movements

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social movements that occur in times of change , in which religious learders emerge and undertake to alter /revitalize a society.

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cargo cults

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(usually emerge during colonization) local ppl have regular contact w/ outsiders but lack their wealth, technology and living standard.

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religion: cultural universal

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religion is generally of positive value ***debated by anthropologists

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what are the three diff. functions of religion

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1 intellectual/ cognative

2 psychological

3 social

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myths

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supernatural oral/written stories

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4 forms of cults

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organized system of beliefs and practices pertaining to the control or worship of specific natural powers.

1 individualistic

2 shamanistic

3 communal

4 ecdesiastical