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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Otz?
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iceman in alps
• 5 kya @ 10 k ft. • Neolithic 25-40 year old man 5’2 120 lbs • European, worn incisors, dark curly brown hair, blackened lungs, repeated frost bites |
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What is Windeby girl?
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- bog body
• 2 kya recovered in situ • Netherlands iron age • Light blond hair, ½ head shaved • Roman records on shaved heads for adultery |
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What is Lindow man?
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bog body
• About 2 kya England • Intentional and violent death • Good finger nails • Axe blade twice into his skull (bone in brain) • Hit at base of skull with blunt object |
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What is Chinchorro mummies?
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- south America
• 7500-4000 ya, south Peru and northern Chile • Very elaborate burials, removed skin, added branches, reeds • Native American burial practices |
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Ethnology
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study of how and why recent cultures are similar and different
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Ethnography
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a description of societies customary behaviors beliefs and attitudes
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Major components of an ethnography
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o Research questions
o Sampling o Daily life o Rituals o At least 6 months o Participant observation o Informant o Interpretation |
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OFT
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optimal foraging theory
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Reciprocity
-Ex. Kula Ring |
• Oceania (Trobriand islanders)
• Ceremonial exchange • Armbands • Necklaces |
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What is a Band?
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o Egalitarian, achieved status
o Small family group o Hunting gathering o Nomadic o Generalized and balance reciprocity o Authority (not power) o A cephalous o Lateral kinship exogamous o Warfare largely absent o Informal social control/order o Ex. Inhurt Julhoans |
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What is a Tribe?
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o Egalitarian, achieved status, big man
o Pastoralists, horticulturalists (foraging) o Unilateral kin group (clan) o Larger population size o Balanced and generalized reciprocity and some redistribution o Age sets and grades o Segmentary lineage system o A cephalous (no leader) o Authority o Go between informal social control/order and compensation o Warfare present • Ex. Bambuti pygmies Yanomamo |
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What is a Cheifdom?
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o Socially ranked society
o Not a cephalous o Redistribution o Ascribed status o Less internal violence o Agriculture, pastoralists, foraging o Fear, loyalty, military • Ex. Cahokia |
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What is a State?
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o Socially stratified
o Agriculture (private property) o Citizenship (not kinship) o Ties along political lines o Large population o Ascribed status o Military, government, laws, (power) o King, president, dictator o Informal and formal conflict resolution o Many theories: circumscription, irrigation, warfare etc. o Market economy • Ex. Asante US |
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Division of labor theories
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o Private/public dichotomy
o Margaret Mead’s “sex and temperament in three primitive societies” o Arapesh- equal gender role, childrearing o Mundugumor- fierce infanticide o Bugis- • Biological male and female • Males and female that challenge gender roles • Androgynous Shamans o Hijra- transgender in India |
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Case Studies
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o Trobriand islands and Polynesia
o Yanomamo o Sambia of New Guinea o Abortion o Homosexuality o Infanticide |
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Van Gennep’s 3 stages
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separation, luminal, reincorporation
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Victor Turner’s
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concept of a perceived state of group unity
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Marriage Rules
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o Incest taboos
o Universal incest taboo o Exogamy- marriage outside of a group o Endogamy- marriage within group o Levirate/sororate |
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What is Polyandry?
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Multi-Male Spouses
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What is Polygyny?
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Mulit-Female Spouses
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Choosing a mate?
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o Cross cousin marriage- mother brother
o Parallel cousin marriage- mother sister child |
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Exchange of rights and goods in a marriage
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o Bride price
o Dowry |
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Supernatural entities
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o Syncretism- blending of two things (two languages or religion → sentaria)
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Purpose of religion
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o Magic- when people believe that their actions can control supernatural forces and compel them to act in a particular and intended way
o Witchcraft and sorcery- attempts to make supernatural forces or spirits work harm against people (recall informal conflict resolution and power), Wiccan neopaganism |
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Religious and medical practitioners
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o Shaman- a person who enters an altered state of consciousness to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge power help
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Healing
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o Shamans are the most common healer in societies without full-time specialists
o Psychological factors o Western medicine o Holistic medicine and alternate medicine o Belief that gods or spirits can cause illness is nearly universal o Plants used by natives as well as modern meds o Social hierarchy lead to differences in health among population |
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Vocal system
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o Open- utterance can be combined to make new meanings
o Open system emerges about 10-40 kya |
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Language and development
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o Noam Chomsky- language is innate (nature)
o Language acquisition device o BF Skinner- imitation theory of language acquisition (nurture) |
