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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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unilineal descent
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ties to ancestors traced through only one parent may be patrilineal or matrilineal
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patrilineal descent
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ties of descent tracted back through male line (or line of fathers)
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matrilineal descent
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ties of descent traced back through female line ( or line of mothers)
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cognatic descent
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ancestral and family ties traced through either parental line (produces multiple, overlapping ancestor- focused groups
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bilateral descent
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kin relations traced through both parents (produces an ego focus group the kindred
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consanguines
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relatives through birth "blood relatives"
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affines
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relatives through marriage
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parallel cousins
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the children of two brothers or two sisters
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cross cousins
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the children of a brother and a sister
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natal family
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family into which one is born
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nuclear family
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a married couple and their children
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extended family
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two or more nuclear families linked through parent- child or sibling ties, may include several genereations aka, joint family
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endogamy
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marrying within a defined socail category (lineage, caste, village)
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exogamy
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marrying outside a defined social category ( lineage or clan)
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monogamy
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one spouse
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polygamy
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plural spouses usually man with more than one wife but can be woman with multiple husbands
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polygyny
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marriage to two or more women
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sororal polygyny
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marriage (simultaneous) to sisters
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polyandry
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marriage to two or more men
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fraternal polyandry
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marraige (simultaneous) to brothers
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levirate
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an unmarried woman is obligated to marry her husbands' brother if her husband should die
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sororate
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an unmarried woman is obliged to marry her sister's husband if her sister should die
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dowry
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marriage payments or gifts from the bride and her kin to the husband and his kin
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bridewealth
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marriage payments of gifts from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin
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brideservice
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work required of a newly married man for his wife's kin
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neolocal
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postmarital residence is a new or separate location
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bilocal
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postmarital residence optional between the kin of each spouse
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patrilocal
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postmarital residence with the husband's relatives aka virilocal
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matrilocal
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postmarital residence with the wife's relatives aka uxorilocal
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avunculocal
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postmarital residence with the husband's mother's brother (maternal uncle) usually in a matrilineal society
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Describe a cash economy
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a shift from barter to cash exchange. colonizers required cash to pay taxes so it forced men to get jobs
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How did the shift towards cash economy effect women?
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women were primary farmers but colonial power shifted this, as the men moved to work jobs, women shifted to cash crops and sex exchange to make money. The colonials didn't recognize the economic power of women so they lost their rights.
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How did the shift towards cash economy effect men?
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men moved from the home to work in colonial mines and for foreigners
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What are the social effects of a cash economy?
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labor migration, break down of social structures, heath problems from working conditions
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What are the components of structural adjustment?
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impose user fees for health and education, privatize state services (public private partnerships) devalue currency (create inflation), eliminate or weaken minimum wages, price controls, food subsidies, labor protections
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What are some components of Neolibral Finance policies?
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bring efficiencies of the market into inefficient government bureaucracies, directly reduce government spending, boost production by encouraging investment, reduce in demand, more production = less consumption= better balance of trade
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How do gender relations effect the health and status of women?
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limited economic power, limited decision making, young boys have to leave to work, young girls get a sugar daddy, informal polygamy effects HIV transmission,
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Describe a cosmological and centralized state.
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large populations, ruler-ruled relationship, agriculture and vast surplus, complex market economies, centralized bureaucracies, internal and intrastate politics
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Describe the ruler- ruled relationship.
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the ruler is considered divine, the ruled are subjects (not citizens, not kin) manpower is more important than territory
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Describe the "Galactic" theater states of Southeast Asia.
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sacred or divine at the core, cosmology mapped onto political-economic relations and political processes, ritual authority at the center of the state, typical of pre-modern Hindu Buddhist state
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Describe a state.
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centralized institutions, monopoly on "legitimate" violence, subjects
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Describe a nation-state
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citizenship, official languages, citizen has obligations, nation gives benefits
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What category of political structure would the US be in?
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The US is a nation state. The residents are citizens, the citizens have obligations to the country and the nation gives benefits.
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What is nationalism a source of?
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dominant political form of the modern era, source of identity, aspirations, loyalties, and ethical imperatives
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What are the nine key features of a nation?
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boundaries, indivisibility, sovereignty, popular (not divine) will, direct membership, ideas about shared culture/language/ history, ideas about a special historical or sacred purpose, communication and participation between strangers, mediate between the individual and the global political economic order
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Where did the features of modernity and globalization begin?
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In the western world.
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What are two social factors gave rise to nationalism?
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print capitalism/ visual- gives people a sense of identity as a nation
breakdown of cosmological truths and institutions |
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ethnic group
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group distinguished by self acknowledged cultural similarities that are shared among members of the group and differences acknowledged between the group and other groups
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primordial vs constructivist
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primordial- believe that organization arises from political affiliations already in tact,
constructivists- believe that nations need to be engineered and that they are brought together and organized |
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ethnicity
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identification with and feeling part of an ethnic group and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation, it is relational and shifting; one can claim and reclaim ethnic identity
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What are some elements of fundamentalism?
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deep reaction to modernity, reaction to globalization and the movement of people and ideas, fear of uncertainty and hybridity, dreams of returning to purity, resistance to change, felt in every major religious tradition, often linked to state politics
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What are some characteristics of pre modern political formations?
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small kin based:weak authority, reciprocity, alliance (marriage, etc.)
large kin based: kin based positions of authority, reciprocity and redistribution, alliance and fission |
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What are some characteristics of cosmological and centralized states?
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large populations, ruler ruled relationships, agriculture and vast surplus, complex market economies, centralized bureaucracies, inter and intra sate politics
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restricted exchange
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two lineages exchange spouses, cross cousins get married
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generalized exchange
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cross cousins marry, circulation of spouses
(a gives to b, gives to c) |
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delayed exchange
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a gives to b, the next generation b gives to a
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What type of lineage favors parallel cousin marriage?
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matrilineal societies with endogamous lineages
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What type of lineage favors cross cousin marriage
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societies with exogamous lineages, relationship links two or more lineages
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dowry
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bride side gives $ to groom side
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bride wealth
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groom side gives $ to bride side
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bride service
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groom side preforms labor for bride's side
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why is kinship important?
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BASIC idiom for social relationships, most basic way to regulate gender relationships, basic way to organize political and economic relations (labor, production, distribution or resources, alliances), kinship networks
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What does religion do for society?
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explains and guides, validates and empowers, defines they way the world is, offers security in times of crisis, can support or overturn sociopolitical order
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how does religion support harmony?
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promotes social harmony and solidarity, generates intense feelings of communion, shared experiences create tight bonds, solving problems or crises (social or political)
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How does religion support conflict?
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promotes social hierarchy and domination, leads to social disputes, can generate anxieties and crises, can be used as means of social and political control
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what is gender?
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gender is a category mapped onto and "read from" bodies, sexuality, and social practices
gender is not the same as physiological sexual features, gender is socially constructed whereas sexuality is a biological category |
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totem
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symbol used to define a kin group, helps to regulate marriage etc
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incest taboo
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prohibition on sex or marriage with close relatives
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exogamy
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marriage outside of a group
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endogamy
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marriage withing a group
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lineage segmentation
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kin group may split up due to conflict between father' oldest son and father's brother, marriage alliances can help to solve problems
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crow system
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associated with matrilineal societies, descent is traced through women, not based on generation
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iroquois system
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generation, mother's sister is also mother, father's brother is also father, their children are like siblings, cross cousins are recognized as different, not siblings
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Hawi'ian system
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generation, not uncles and aunts but mother and fathers, cousins seen as siblings, great fluidity in residence and family, adoption, incest prohibition extends quite far
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Eskimo system
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generation, cousins are not distinguished, highlights nuclear family
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