Anthro 4-6

Front 1

acculturation

Back 1

the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into contiuous firsthand contact; the cultural patterns of either or both groups may be changed, but the groups remain distict

Front 2

core values

Back 2

key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture and help distinguish if from others

Front 3

cultural relativism

Back 3

the position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Extreme relativism argues that cultures should be judged solely by their own standards

Front 4

cultural rights

Back 4

doctrine that certain rights are vested in identifiable groups such as religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies. Cultural rights include a group's ability to preserve its culture, to raise its children in the ways of its forbears, to continue its language, and not to be deprived of its economic base by the nationstate in which it is located

Front 5

diffusion

Back 5

borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries

Front 6

enculturation

Back 6

the social process where a culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

Front 7

ethnocentrism

Back 7

the tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different ppl by one's own standards

Front 8

generality

Back 8

culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies

Front 9

human rights

Back 9

doctrine that invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. Human rights, usually seen as vested in individuals, would include the right to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not to be murdered, injured, enslaved, or imprisoned without charge

Front 10

independent invention

Back 10

development of the same cultural trait or pattern in separate culturesas a result of comparable needs, circumstances, and solutions

Front 11

international culture

Back 11

cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries

Front 12

IPR

Back 12

intellectual propery rights
core beliefs

Front 13

national culture

Back 13

cultural experience, belifs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation

Front 14

particularity

Back 14

distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern or integration

Front 15

subcultures

Back 15

different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society

Front 16

symbol

Back 16

something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection

Front 17

universal

Back 17

something that exists in every culture

Front 18

achieved status

Back 18

social status that comes through talents, choices, actions, and accomplishments, rather than ascription

Front 19

ascribed status

Back 19

social status (race, gender) that ppl have little or no choice about occupying

Front 20

assimilation

Back 20

process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separte cultural unit

Front 21

symbol

Back 21

something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitrarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection

Front 22

colonialism

Back 22

political, social, and economic, and cultural domination of territory and its ppl by a foreign power over extended amt of time

Front 23

universal

Back 23

something that exists in every culture

Front 24

descent

Back 24

rule assigned social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestory

Front 25

discrimination

Back 25

policies and practices that harm a group and its members

Front 26

achieved status

Back 26

social status that comes through talents, choices, actions, and accomplishments, rather than ascription

Front 27

ethnic group

Back 27

group distinguished by cultural similarities and differences

Front 28

ascribed status

Back 28

social status (race, gender) that ppl have little or no choice about occupying

Front 29

assimilation

Back 29

process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separte cultural unit

Front 30

ethnicity

Back 30

identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

Front 31

hypodecent

Back 31

rule that automatically places the children of union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in teh lesspriviledged group

Front 32

colonialism

Back 32

political, social, and economic, and cultural domination of territory and its ppl by a foreign power over extended amt of time

Front 33

descent

Back 33

rule assigned social identity on the basis of some aspect of one's ancestory

Front 34

multiculturalism

Back 34

the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant culture but also into an ethnic culture

Front 35

nation

Back 35

once a synonym for "ethnic group" designating a single culture sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship; not synonym for nation-state

Front 36

discrimination

Back 36

policies and practices that harm a group and its members

Front 37

ethnic group

Back 37

group distinguished by cultural similarities and differences

Front 38

nationalities

Back 38

ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status

Front 39

nation-state

Back 39

an autonomous political entity (USA)

Front 40

ethnicity

Back 40

identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

Front 41

hypodecent

Back 41

rule that automatically places the children of union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in teh lesspriviledged group

Front 42

multiculturalism

Back 42

the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant culture but also into an ethnic culture

Front 43

nation

Back 43

once a synonym for "ethnic group" designating a single culture sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship; not synonym for nation-state

Front 44

nationalities

Back 44

ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status

Front 45

nation-state

Back 45

an autonomous political entity (USA)

Front 46

phenotype

Back 46

an organisms evident traits, its "manifest biology"-anatomy and physiology

Front 47

plural society

Back 47

a society that combines ethnic contrasts and economic interdependence of the ethnic groups

Front 48

prejudice

Back 48

devaluing a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities, attitudes, or other attributes

Front 49

race

Back 49

an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

Front 50

racism

Back 50

discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

Front 51

refugees

Back 51

ppl who have been forced or who have chosen to flee a country, to escape persecution or war

Front 52

social race

Back 52

a group assumed to have a biological basis but actually perceived and defined in a social context, by a particular culture rather than by scientific criteria

Front 53

state

Back 53

complex sociopolitical system that administers a territory and populace with substantial contrasts in occupation, wealth, prestige, and power. An independent, centrally organized political unit; a government. A form of social and political organization with a formal, central government and a division of society into classes

Front 54

status

Back 54

any position that determines where someone fits in society; may be ascribed or achieved

Front 55

stratified

Back 55

class-structured; stratified societies have marked differences in wealth prestige, and power between social classes

Front 56

BEV

Back 56

a rule-governed dialect of American English with roots in southern english. Spoken my African American youth

Front 57

call systems

Back 57

systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. Tied to enviromental stimuli

Front 58

cultural transmission

Back 58

a basic feature of language; transmission through learning

Front 59

daughter language

Back 59

language developing out of the same parent language

Front 60

diglossia

Back 60

the existence of high and low dialects of a single language

Front 61

displacement

Back 61

a basic feature of languate; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present

Front 62

ethnosematics

Back 62

the study of lexical contrasts and classifications in various languages

Front 63

focal vocabulary

Back 63

a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups such as types of snow to Eskimos

Front 64

historical linguistics

Back 64

subdivision of linguistics that studies language over time

Front 65

honorific

Back 65

a term used with ppl to honor them (Mr. or Lord0

Front 66

kinesics

Back 66

study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions

Front 67

language

Back 67

humans primary means of communication; may be spoken or writen

Front 68

lexicon

Back 68

vocabulary. the dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meanings

Front 69

morphology

Back 69

study of form; used in linguistics and for form in general

Front 70

phoneme

Back 70

significant sound contrast in a language that serves to distinguish meaning, and in minimal pairs

Front 71

phonemics

Back 71

the study of the sound contrasts of a particular language

Front 72

phonetics

Back 72

study of speech sounds in general; what ppl actually say in various language

Front 73

phonology

Back 73

study of sounds used in speech

Front 74

productivity

Back 74

the basic feature of language; the ablility to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers

Front 75

protolanguage

Back 75

language ancestral to several daughter language

Front 76

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 76

theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking

Front 77

semantics

Back 77

a language's meaning system

Front 78

sociolinguistics

Back 78

study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context

Front 79

style shift

Back 79

variations in speech in different contexts

Front 80

subgroups

Back 80

languages with in a taxonomy of related language that are most closely related

Front 81

syntax

Back 81

the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences.