Anthro 377 - Exam I

Front 1

List two subgroups in the traditional classification of primates.

Back 1

- PROSIMIAN
- ANTRHOPOIDEA

Front 2

What type of classification would a primate with a grasping tail fall into?

Back 2

NEW WORLD MONKEY

Front 3

How do gorillas move around on the ground?

Back 3

QUADRUPEDALLY

or “knuckle walking”

Front 4

What are the characteristics of a promiscuous mating system?

Back 4

- Food is largely distributed
- Independent females

Front 5

Besides humans, what is the only primate species that lives in cold and snowy climates?

Back 5

MACAQUES

Front 6

Orangutans move about by brachiating and suspension. What are the physical traits of hindlimbs and forelimbs that are involved in this type of locomotion?

Back 6

Longer arms and shorter legs.

Front 7

What is the basic social unit seen in the majority of primates?

Back 7

Mother with dependent offspring.

Front 8

In chimpanzees, which individuals are the dominant members of the community?

Back 8

There are no dominant members of the chimp community.

Front 9

What is it called when a primate leaves its biological family?

What is it called when a primate stays with its biological family?

Back 9

DISPERSAL

NATAL

Front 10

BABOON BEHAVIOR:

Diet?

Location?

Habitat?

Back 10

Omnivorous

Found in Africa

Live in grasslands

Front 11

TRUE OR FALSE:

1) Black and white colobus monkeys are leaf-eating monkeys.

2) Black and white colobus monkeys have cheek pouches.

Back 11

1 = TRUE

2 = FALSE

Front 12

Which subgroup of primates have wet noses?

Back 12

Strepsirrhine

Front 13

What type of non-human primate can have sex with females even when they’re not in estrus?

Back 13

Chimpanzees

Front 14

Prosimians can be both nocturnal and diurnal. Give an example of each.

Back 14

NOCTURNAL = Microcebus (aka. Mouse lemur)

DIURNAL = Lemur catta (aka. Ring-tailed lemur)

Front 15

What does natural selection operate on?

What does sexual selection operate on?

Back 15

Natural selection → behavioral and physical traits

Sexual selection → reproductive organs

Front 16

List two traits that separate apes and monkeys.

Back 16

1) TAIL (apes don’t have them and monkeys do)
2) BODY SIZE (apes are large and monkeys are smaller)

Front 17

List three aspects related to sexual dimorphism.

Back 17

1) Polygynous mating system
2) Large body size
3) Terrestrial

Front 18

Which family members have the strongest social bonds among primates?

Back 18

Mother and infant

Front 19

Which primate species is classified as both a prosimian and an anthropoid?

Back 19

TARSIER

Front 20

Where do tarsiers live?

Back 20

Southeast Asia

Front 21

List four types of locomotion and give an example of a primate species for each type.

Back 21

1) LEAPING (ex. Sifakas)
2) BRACHIATING (ex. Organgutans)
3) TERRESTRIAL (ex. Baboons)
4) KNUCKLE-WALKING (ex. Gorillas)

Front 22

Which primate species have tooth combs?

Back 22

- Lemurs
- Galagos
- Tarsiers

Front 23

What does intra-sexual selection involve?

Back 23

Male-male combat

Front 24

What classification do New World Monkeys fall into?

Back 24

Platyrrhine

Front 25

List a physical characteristic for spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and capuchin monkeys that makes them each distinctive in the primate world.

Back 25

1) SPIDER → prehensile tail
2) HOWLER → loud call
3) CAPUCHIN → long tail

Front 26

Who are chimpanzees’ closest living relative?

Back 26

BONOBOS

Front 27

Which primates belong to the subgroup Anthropoidea?

Back 27

- MONKEYS
- APES
- HUMANS

Front 28

What is the scientific name for snow monkeys (aka. Macaques)?

Back 28

Macaca fuscata

Front 29

Which primate species display remarkable “cultural” behavior?

Back 29

Macaques

Front 30

TRUE OR FALSE:

1) Prosimians eat insects but most anthropoids don’t.

2) Prosimians are arboreal but most anthropoids aren’t.

Back 30

1 = FALSE

2 = FALSE

Front 31

Where do each of the following species live?

- Howler monkeys
- Gorillas
- Ring-tailed lemurs
- Bonobos
- Siamangs
- Orangutans

Back 31

- Howler monkeys → Central America
- Gorillas → Africa
- Ring-tailed lemurs → Madagascar
- Bonobos → Borneo
- Siamangs → India
- Orangutans → Southeast Asia

Front 32

Name two physical traits that differentiate apes from humans.

Back 32

1) Brain size
2) Feet (humans don’t have grasping ability)

Front 33

Describe the 5 physical traits that set primates apart from other mammals and explain the functional advantages of each.

Back 33

1) OPPOSABLE THUMBS: tool use and ability to grasp and climb
2) LARGE BRAIN (relative to body size): smarter
3) BINOCULAR VISION: depth perception
4) NAILS (instead of claws): dexterity
5) ERECTED POSTURE: use of hands, extended vision, ability to run faster

Front 34

Draw the classification chart that shows the four major primate groups.

Back 34

MAJOR GROUPS:
- Strepsirrhini
- Platyrhini
- Cercopithecoidea
- Hominoidea

Front 35

How is infanticide a reproductive strategy?

Back 35

It promotes genetic superiority; eliminate competition and ensure that your own genes survive.

Front 36

What are the adaptive advantages of living in social groups?

Back 36

- Defense of resources against rival troops
- Defense against predators = safety in numbers
- Social control through dominance hierarchies
- Group cohesion achieved through grooming
- Protecting/raising young make mother-infant bonds become secure

Front 37

Why do primates engage in mutual grooming?

Who is involved?

Is it altruism?

Back 37

- Mutual grooming = social cement
- Establishing and maintaining bonds and dominance hierarchies
- Reconciliation after conflicts
- Sign of affection

All members of community involved.

Can be form of altruism because time spent grooming might have been used for other activities (ex. search for food)

Front 38

Explain the patterns of altruistic behavior.

What factors are involved?

Give an example from the book.

Back 38

ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR: benefits the fitness of the recipient at a cost to the fitness of the actor.

- Whether or not you help depends on: relatedness, recipient’s benefits (R), and actor’s costs (A).
- Evolves through kin selection: more likely to help if closely related.
- Aspects: grooming, sharing food, warning calls, backing up others, etc.
- Example: female baboon tries to intervene when a male in her group is being attacked by a hyena.

Front 39

Compare reproductive strategies between males and females.

Back 39

FEMALES
- Parental investment: increase offspring’s chances of survival
- Promiscuous mating to ensure fertilization
- Display secondary sexual characteristics to make themselves more attractive/alert males that they’re ovulating (ex. sexual swelling)

MALES
- Sperm Competition: amount of sperm that they produce
- Male control polygyny: active defense of mates
- Resource-defense polygyny: active defense or resources, which attracts females
- Male-dominance polygyny: female mate choice

Front 40

A number of primate “cultures” are found in both chimpanzees and macaques. Give an example of cultural behavior for each.

Back 40

MACAQUES: developed method for sorting wheat from sand by dropping mixture in water and allowing wheat to float and the sand to sink. Others eventually copied behavior.

CHIMPS: learned to fish termites out of their nests using sticks. Eventually, mothers started teaching it to offspring.

Front 41

What aspects are involved in dominance hierarchy?

Back 41

- Mother’s social position
- Age
- Intelligence
- Motivation
- Body mass
- Aggression
- Time spent in the group
- Sex

Hint 41

MAIM BATS!

Front 42

Ecology and some skeletal biology are involved in the “Arboreal hypothesis.” Describe the adaptive mechanism of this hypothesis.

Back 42

ARBOREAL HYPOTHESIS: living in trees was most important factor in primate evolution.

- Need depth perception and binocular vision to move through trees, look out for predators, etc.
- Need grasping hands and feet with nails instead of claws
- Generalized teeth for varying diet

Front 43

Describe the reproduction strategy, “scramble competition” that affects sexual dimorphism.

Back 43

Polygyny in which males make no effort to defend individual exclusive mating territories, but instead attempt to outrace their competitors to receptive females.