Anthro 317 - Exam Ii

Front 1

Which classification does Cercopithecoidea fall into?

Back 1

CATARRHINI

OR

HAPLORRHINI

Front 2

What characteristic makes Tarsiiformes prosimians?

Back 2

GROOMING CLAW

Front 3

The first primate species existed 65mya. What type of diet did it have?

Back 3

INSECTIVOROUS

OR

FRUGIVOROUS

OR

FOLIVOROUS

Front 4

TRUE OR FALSE

Altruistic behavior is likely to be passed on when:
T or F: Costs are LOW, benefits are HIGH, and members are closely RELATED.
T or F: Costs and benefits are LOW and members are not related.

Back 4

TRUE: Costs are LOW, benefits are HIGH, and members are closely RELATED.

FALSE: Costs and benefits are LOW and members are not related.

Front 5

What does inclusive fitness directly operate within?

Back 5

INDIVIDUAL’S OFFSPRING

Front 6

What is mostly involved in intrasexual selection in primates?

Back 6

MALE-MALE COMBAT

Front 7

List three factors related to sexual dimorphism.

Back 7

1) Polygynous mating system
2) Large body size
3) Terrestrial

Front 8

What are the external aspects of communication?

Back 8

- Vocal
- Facial expressions
- Body gesturing
- Scent marking

Front 9

What is the most developed mode of communication in primates?

Back 9

VOCAL

Front 10

TRUE OR FALSE

T or F: Vocal communication is learned.
T or F: Vocal communication is genetic.

Back 10

TRUE: Vocal communication is learned.

FALSE: Vocal communication is genetic.

Front 11

In primates, what is the area that contains the highest concentration of predictable resources called?

Back 11

CORE AREA

Front 12

What is the formula for biodiversity?

Back 12

BIODIVERSITY = SPECIATION – EXTINCTION

Front 13

When does scramble competition occur?

When does contest competition occur?

Back 13

SCRAMBLE competition occurs when food is evenly distributed.

CONTEST competition occurs when resources are monopolizable.

Front 14

What do affiliative behaviors enhance?

Back 14

GROUP COHESIVENESS

Front 15

When does indirect competition in males occur?

Back 15

When there are more females

Front 16

List at least 2 reproductive strategies that affect sexual dimorphism.

Give a brief explanation of each.

(4 in total)

Back 16

1) SPERM COMPETITION: amount of sperm that they produce

2) RESOURCE DEFENSE POLYGYNY: active defense or resources (which in turn attracts females)

3) MALE-DOMINANCE POLYGYNY: female mate choice

4) MALE-CONTROL POLYGYNY: active defense of mates

Front 17

List three aspects of male relationships.

Back 17

1) Affiliation
2) Association
3) Coalition

Front 18

What are the two ways through which males gain females?

Back 18

1) Female choice
2) Power

Front 19

List 2 behavioral aspects of primate social interaction that are NOT related to sex.

Back 19

1) Grooming
2) Sharing food (mom and baby)

Front 20

List 2 aspects of altruistic behavior.

List 2 conditions that favor altruistic behavior.

Back 20

ASPECTS:
1) Alarm calls
2) Grooming

CONDITIONS:
1) ↓ costs and ↑ benefits
2) Relatedness

Front 21

List 2 characteristic traits of primates and give a functional advantage of each.

Back 21

1) OPPOSABLE THUMBS = ability to grasp

2) LARGE BRAIN (relative to body size) = ↑ cognitive ability

Front 22

What are the 3 factors that the reproductive success of high-ranking males depends on?

Back 22

1) Female choice
2) Life history
3) Sneaker males

Front 23

What are the four major groups of primates?

Back 23

1) Strepsirrhini
2) Platyrrhini
3) Cercopithecoidea
4) Hominoidea

Front 24

What does sexual dimorphism increase?

Back 24

Male-male competition

Front 25

What does diurnality and group living reduce?

Back 25

Risk of predation

Front 26

What does male or female dispersal reduce?

Back 26

Inbreeding

Front 27

Describe the tendency of each of the following traits.

1) Limbs and locomotion
2) Teeth and diet
3) Activity

Back 27

1) Limbs and locomotion = ERECTED POSTURE

2) Teeth and diet = OMNIVOROUS DIET

3) Activity = DIRUNALITY

Front 28

List the 3 hypotheses regarding primate evolution.

Back 28

1) Arboreal
2) Visual predator
3) Angiosperm

Front 29

What 3 factors are related to sexual dimorphism?

Back 29

1) Polygyny
2) Large body size
3) Terrestrial

Front 30

Name the three apes that are “able to understand human language.”

Back 30

1) Kanzi
2) Koko
3) Nim

Front 31

Explain why dominance hierarchy is an adaptive behavior, not an evolutionary mechanism.

What factors make an individual dominant over the other individuals?

Back 31

?

Front 32

What factors determine social structure in primates?

Describe the adaptive advantages to living in social groups.

Back 32

FACTORS:
1) Food distribution
2) Relationship with others
3) Predation

ADVANTAGES:
- Defense of resources
- Defense against predators = safety in numbers
- Social control through dominance hierarchies
- Group cohesion (achieved through grooming)

Front 33

Describe the difference in reproductive strategies between gorillas and chimps in terms physical and behavior.

Back 33

Gorillas: smaller testes and polygyny (contest competition)

Chimps: swollen genitals on females and scramble competition

Front 34

Tell me about mutual grooming.

Who’s involved?

Is grooming an altruistic behavior?

Back 34

- Mutual grooming = social cement
- Establishing and maintaining bonds and dominance hierarchies
- Reconciliation after conflicts
- Sign of affection

All members of community involved.

Can be form of altruism because time spent grooming might have been used for other activities (ex. search for food)

Front 35

For conservation to work, what do you think about bottom-up and top-down conservation strategies?

Back 35

?

Front 36

Describe how social structure is influenced by food distribution, relationships with others, and predation.

Back 36

1) Resource distribution:
- Abundant leaves support larger groups
- Clumped fruits/nuts for smaller groups

2) Relationships with others:
- Reduced risk of predation
- Dominance hierarchy

3) Predation: ?

Front 37

How is infanticide a reproductive strategy?

Back 37

It promotes genetic superiority by eliminating competition and ensuring survival of own genes.

Also used to attract females (appear more aggressive/dominant, better able to protect, strong fitness, etc.)

Front 38

What are the 4 basic elements of communication systems?

Back 38

1) Signals: acts of communication
2) Motivation: internal state of the sender
3) Meaning: interpretation by receiver
4) Function: adaptive advantages of the messages

Front 39

What are threats to primates?

What are threats to biodiversity?

Why do we need to protect and conserve them as a whole?

Back 39

Primates
- Parasites
- Overhunting
- Capture
(and everything below)

Biodiversity
- Human overpopulation
- Habitat fragmentation
- Habitat deforestation
- Species invasion
- Climatic change

WHY?
- Intro of disease
- Intro of invasive species
- Habitat disturbance

Front 40

Describe the 5 physical traits that set primates apart from other mammals and explain the functional advantages of each.

Back 40

1) OPPOSABLE THUMBS: tool use and ability to grasp and climb
2) LARGE BRAIN (relative to body size): smarter
3) BINOCULAR VISION: depth perception
4) NAILS (instead of claws): dexterity
5) ERECTED POSTURE: use of hands, extended vision, ability to run faster