Anthro 205 Final

Front 1

Life and Cultures: The Test of Real Participant Observation author

Back 1

E.L. Cerroni-Long

Front 2

Why a battleground for the crusades

Back 2

critical region for the early spice trade dominated by arabs

Front 3

battleground WWI

Back 3

between british and islamic turks

Front 4

battleground WWII

Back 4

german africa korps tried to capture the Suez Canal in WWII

Front 5

battleground since 1947

Back 5

israel and arabs have been fighting

Front 6

battle since 2001

Back 6

US has been fighting in the region

Front 7

US and oil

Back 7

US uses 25% of the oil in the world, less than 1/2 comes from Middle East. US policy has ALWAYS been to protect oil and gas since WWII

Front 8

W.K. D'Arcy

Back 8

a british mining engineer, got concession from IRAN to search for oil in 1901. discovered that the original pool of oil was 50x500 miles; his discovery changed ME and world forever

Front 9

Zargos Fold Belt

Back 9

oil fields found by D'Arcy in 1908. continue to produce oil in iran, 4 million barrels of oil each day from Zargos Fold Belt basin currently

Front 10

Iran and oil

Back 10

iran has 4th largest proven oil reserves in the world, currently pumps 4 million barrels of oil each day from Zargos Fold Belt basin

Front 11

Oil in the 1900s

Back 11

started out Europe and US needed it for both world wars, then late 1900s china and asia started seeking oil

Front 12

Middle East countries

Back 12

turkey, iran, syria, iraq, jordan, lebanon, egypt, sudan, yemen, saudi arabia, oman

Front 13

Semites people

Back 13

- lived in levant and mesopotamia
- built first civilizations and maintained power for over 4000 years

Front 14

Semites culture

Back 14

- based on tribal loyalty, strong male kinship ties, and society based on male dominance
- began as polytheistic religious groups
- farming and nomadic animal herding

Front 15

reason for war since 5500 BCE

Back 15

- wars among city-states for new lands, trade goods, slaves
- wars cause instability in the area
- weak area draws non-semitic cultures (Egypt, Rome and Persia) to conquer the area then
- oil now

Front 16

some of the major tribes that developed in the ME

Back 16

akkadians (aka assyrians/babylonions in late bronze age). eblaites, aramaeans, akhlames, ugarites, amorites, ammonites, edomites, hebrews/israelites, syrian malabar nasrians, knanaya, moabites, phoenicians

Front 17

Arabs

Back 17

- first named in 853 BCE by King Shalmanese III of assyria when he wrote that he defeated them at the Battle of Karkar
- from then onward known as arabs
- from saudi arabia area
- official language = arabic

Front 18

Rome conquers ME

Back 18

not interested in Arabian Peninsula, just wanted to keep the peace (pax romana) and collect taxes, profit from trade, and slaves

Front 19

325 CE

Back 19

some romans and arabs had become monotheistic

Front 20

415 CE

Back 20

rome fell, created economic chaos in western region

Front 21

first few centuries CE

Back 21

tribal warfare erupts in arabian area

Front 22

Eastern Roman Empire

Back 22

created by romans fleeing from europe, aka Byzantium empire
- capital Constantinople

Front 23

Origin of Arabs

Back 23

- Abraham’s wife Sarah is
barren, but wants a child so
she encourages her husband
to have a child with the slave
girl named Hagar
-He does and the child is a boy
that he calls Ishmael
- A few years after Ishmael is
born, Sarah finally gets pregnant and has her own child
(Isaac), who will be the father
of the later Israelites
- Sarah tells Abraham to cast out
the competition
- Abraham tells Hagar & her son
Ishmael to leave, they then
wander off into the Arabian
Desert
- Hagar and Ishmael wander in the
desert, they are near death from
thirst and pray to God for help
- God saves them by creating a spring in the desert for them to drink
- The location of this spring is reported to be on the outskirts of the present city of Mecca

Front 24

Muhammad

Back 24

born in 570 CE near the
present city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia
- father dies when he is only 2, so he is raised by his uncle
(patrilineal line), he becomes a
successful caravan leader by late teens
- When he is 25 a rich widow woman asks him to marry her
- She is 40, her husband was a rich
merchant but he died. She needs someone to help her
Muhammad agrees to marry her and to run her trade and camel caravans
- In 610 CE, at 40, Muhammad grows restless, he goes into the desert to a cave to be alone and think
- In the desert he is given a message from God delivered in a series of visits by the Archangel Gabriel
- message came during month of Ramadan and becomes“holy week” for Islam and the basis for the book in Islam called the Quran

Front 25

AD 610

Back 25

Muhammad returns from the desert & believes God wants him to convert the Arab people to a belief in one God
- For the next 12 years he
preaches in Mecca calling on
the people to accept God

Front 26

AD 622

Back 26

Muhammad and his followers are thrown out of Mecca and told not to return

Front 27

city of Yathrib

Back 27

Muhammad is invited to go to the
nearby city of Yathrib, where
he is asked to help resolve
several local tribal conflicts
He solves their problems, the
people rejoice, they decide to
rename town Medina

Front 28

624 CE

Back 28

Muhammad begins to attack the rich caravans going to Mecca
that belong to the “non believers”
His wife dies so he marries
many new wives (allowed in
Islam) and he has a number
of children by them

Front 29

630 CE

Back 29

Muhammad leads an army
of 10 000 faithful to conquer Mecca and convert those people to a single God
- He destroys the pagan idols
& builds the Ka’ba, dedicates it to Allah, the one true God

Front 30

CE 632

Back 30

Muhammad dies suddenly of some stomach problem (unknown cause)

Front 31

Sunni

Back 31

One large group become the Sunni who eventually become moderate in their interpretation of the Quran, they believe their leaders should be chosen based on abilities, today they are the majority in Islam and also do not believe Islam must be the only basis for the political rule of a country

Front 32

Shi'a

Back 32

Another smaller group of Muslims become the Shi’a who eventually become very conservative in their beliefs and interpretation of the Quran, they believe that all social and political policies should be based only on the teachings in the Quran

Front 33

Origin of Sunni and Shi'a

Back 33

When Muhammad dies there is a power struggle within Islam for “who is going to carry the torch?”

Front 34

Mecca location

Back 34

western Saudi Arabia

Front 35

Golden Age of Islam AD 700s

Back 35

Through Rapid war & expansion
the Arabs unified the whole Middle
East region into a single culture and
religion under Islam, then expanded into Asia and Africa
- This effort was seen as being a
Jihad or Holy War for Allah

Front 36

AD 732

Back 36

Last major battle (AD 732) for the conquest of Europe by the Muslims

Front 37

Why Europe is still Christian

Back 37

Arab leader general Emir Abd-er Rahman had an army of >100,000 Muslims and had conquered Spain and wanted to conquer Paris and all of Europe

Front 38

Battle of Tours, October 10, 732

Back 38

Charles Martel, duke of the Franks, asked by Pope to save Europe and Christianity from the invading Arabs
- Martel collected about 15,000-75,000 infantry and about 7,000 knights and headed down the
Loire River hoping to surprise the Arabs at the city of Tours, just south of Paris
- weather was wet and cold, which Arabs hated
- In the battle the Frankish infantry did not break rank even when charged with 10,000 Arab Calvary & 1000s of arrows from Arab archers
- The Frank’s 7,000 knights were
riding Clydesdale horses and could get traction in the wet mud, the Arabs’ small horses slipped in the mud and fell
- Arab general was killed, his army then routed and fled south back into Spain
- Europe was saved for Christians
- Arabs and Muslims never tried to conquer the rest of Europe again

Front 39

Causes for the Crusades

Back 39

The Arab ruler of Jerusalem (Al-
Hakim bi-Amr Allah) was a devote
Muslim and began to persecute
Christians beginning around 1,000
CE
In 1009, he destroyed the Church
of the Holy Sepulcher (burial spot
of Jesus)
He killed & burned some
Christian pilgrims, later he taxed
30
them instead, but other fanatical
Arab groups killed and robbed
pilgrims while they were going to
Jerusalem
The Byzantine kingdom was
under attack by the Persians &
asked the Pope for help
Finally, the price of spices was so
expensive few could afford to buy
them (controlled by Arabs)

Front 40

November 27, 1095

Back 40

Pope Urban II calls for the 1st crusade

Front 41

plenary indulgences

Back 41

granted complete absolution to the crusaders during their quest to free
the Holy Land

Front 42

First Crusade

Back 42

- Laid siege to Antioch and killed
everyone in the city because they did not surrender
- This set an example for other cities in region
- They continued on to Jerusalem, captured and sacked it in 1099
Created 4 new Christian empires in the Middle East: Kingdom of Jerusalem, Country of Tripoli, Principality of Antioch, & the Country of Edessa

Front 43

Second Crusade

Back 43

The Arabs attack and
reconquor the new
Crusader kingdom called
the “Country of Edessa.”
In response there is a call
for the 2nd Crusade (1147–
1149)
Crusaders trying to
recapture Edessa
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Army leaves Europe in
1147,but it is poorly
organized & there are not
enough troops
They attack, but fail to
recapture the Country of
Edessa, return to Europe

Front 44

Third Crusade

Back 44

3rd Crusade (1189), led by Richard I (England) and Philip
Augustus, of France
They captured Acre, take thousands of Arab soldiers prisoner,
held them for ransom, no ransom paid, so they killed them all
Then they laid siege to Jerusalem for a year
Unable to capture the city, they grow weary of war, many want
to return to Europe
Finally both sides agree on a
truce in AD 1192
Saladin, Sultan of Jerusalem
agreed to let Christian pilgrims
enter the city in the future
Richard I and the Crusaders
agreed to withdraw and go back
to Europe
Ri h d il f It l i 1192
37
Richard sails for Italy in 1192,
he heads overland to England
from Italy
He is captured near Vienna in
the summer of 1193
Richard is held for ransom,
released in April, 1194 and
returns to reclaim his throne
from his brother John

Front 45

4th - 8th
Crusades

Back 45

Eight Crusades in all,
covered nearly 200 years,
these represent the first
major conflicts between
Christians and Islam (other
than the Battle of Tours)
Manluks (warlike tribe) of
Egypt sweep into ME in
1290 AD to save it from the
38
Mongols and Christians,
last of the Christians are
driven out of Middle East in
AD 1291
Middle East remains solely
in Arab hands until the late
1700s when the French &
Napoleon invade region

Front 46

French conquest of ME

Back 46

Napoleon captures Malta, then invades Egypt, sweeps
east and north across Egypt, goes across the Sinai and
then up the coast toward Jerusalem
Recaptures Jerusalem for Christianity then moves up the
coast to the port of Acre, (near Haifa, Israel)
He fails to capture Acre, his army is weakened by malaria,
the Arabs attack and drive the French army out of the
Middle East, they leave by ship for France in 1799

Front 47

Suez Canal 1869

Back 47

French investors led by engineer
Ferdinand de Lesseps build the Suez
Canal, it opens in 1869, but they have
to charge high fees
Few ships are willing to pay high
prices, claim it is cheaper to sail
around Africa, the Suez Canal
Company goes bankrupt
Med
Ferdinand
De
Lesseps
S e
40
p yg p
By 1875 Great Britain wants to get a
naval base in the Mediterranean Sea,
they want to control the canal
The Sultan of Egypt is a big spender,
he needs cash so he sells his shares
in the canal to Great Britain, they
promise to “protect him” in exchange
for getting control the Suez Canal,
Great Britain is permitted to build forts
& naval bases
- France and other
European nations insist
that they be allowed to
use the canal
At the Convention of
41
Constantinople in (1888)
Great Britain agrees to let
ships of all nations use it
Great Britain keeps a
large military force there
to “protect” the canal

Front 48

The Ottoman
Empire

Back 48

In the 1500s the
Ottoman Turks conquered
the Middle East and part
of Eastern Europe, led by
th i l d S l i I
42
their leader Suleiman

Front 49

World War I

Back 49

In 1911, T.E. Lawrence signs
up to work with Dr. C. Leonard
Woolley (famous British
archaeologist) in the Middle
East, he learns Arabic &
studies their culture (he later
becomes Lawrence of Arabia)
1915 Lawrence is sent to
Egypt as an army Lt. to make
maps of the Middle East region
for the planned British/French
45
campaign against the Turks in
that region
Lawrence goes to Mecca
gains the friendship of Sheik
Emir Faisal,
Together they plan to rid the
region of the Turks, & to help
the Allies win the war

Front 50

Arabs & Turks

Back 50

- Ottoman Turks had loosely ruled the Arabs in the Middle East for 400
years
- The Arabs were more or less OK with the Turks being in charge as long as they left the Arabs alone and allowed them to practice their own tribal cultures
- Everything changed when the Young Turks tried to enforce the Turkish language on the Arabs & tried to modernize the Arabs as well
- The Allies promised the Arabs that if they helped the Allies win WWI then the ME would be theirs and all the French & English troops would leave the region

Front 51

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Back 51

Francois Georges-Picot (France)
& Sir Mark Sykes (Great Britain)
signed a new agreement between
France and Great Britain on May,
15, 1916
- agreement divided the ME region into “colonies” and “protected regions” to be governed and supervised by France & GB
- T.E. Lawrence & the Arabs were
out fighting the Turks & were not
told of the agreement until after the
war was over
- France and GB believed the ME was too important a region to turn
over to Arabs with no political xp
- After WW I, France and GB had plans to create a number of new
areas of influence under their control
- The boundaries of the “new” areas did not consider the Arab’s desires nor did it examine or consider the
existing tribal & ethnic problems of the region

Front 52

Betrayal of ME

Back 52

The Arabs had fought
with the Allies against
the Turks because
they were promised
having their own lands
free of foreign armies
or influence
49

Front 53

Middle East
1920-1950

Back 53

Between 1920-1950 the
people in the Middle East
resented being ruled by the
British and French
t
1920 there are large scale
riots in Syria calling for
independence from France, the
French army killed hundreds &
imprisoned thousands more

Front 54

1919

Back 54

widespread riots in Egypt
(called the First Revolution)
by those calling for independence, British army put
down the riots after killing 800+
and imprisoned many others

Front 55

1920

Back 55

large scale
riots in Syria calling for
independence from France, the
French army killed hundreds &
imprisoned thousands more

Front 56

1941 Iraq

Back 56

large riots during the
Anglo-Iraqi War of
1941
British troops killed
over 1,000 in riots but
stay in Iraq

Front 57

1941 Iran

Back 57

large riots in
51
Iran forced Great
Britain to leave Iran
Iran declared
independence in 1941
British troops were
needed in Europe for
war

Front 58

Dates of Independence in the ME

Back 58

By the end of WW II, most of the Middle East had
gained their independence (Iran=1941; Lebanon=1943;
Syria=1944; Jordan=1946; Iraq=1947; Egypt=1947;
Israel=1948)

Front 59

Democracy in ME

Back 59

After the European control ended, the new nations
were encouraged to try to adopt democracy in some
52
g y p y
form, all of them tried it, but all of them failed

Front 60

Reasons for failure of democracy in ME

Back 60

They all failed because of tribal feuds, because of big
bureaucracies, because of political graft & corruption,
because of limited gender rights & strict religious codes,
and because of inept leadership
The new countries lacked modern facilities & had poor
economies, little infrastructure, and reduced social
services, so they borrowed money from the WB and
IMF

Front 61

when democracy fails in ME

Back 61

The crushing debts of
the new countries to the
WB and IMF, which had
to be repaid caused
them to raise taxes,
reduced social services,
health care, & education
Lack of social services
caused deep poverty
53
poverty,
riots & a great feeling of
resentment by the Arab
people toward Europe
By 1946, oil and our
national interests
forced the US to take an
active role in trying to
stabilize the ME

Front 62

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Back 62

General Nasser led a coup in 1956, creates the role of President, declared Egypt’s independence from Western influence and corporations and seizes control of oil reserves
He seizes the Suez Canal on July 26, 1956, from GB, causing the 1956 Suez Crisis
- GB prepares to invade, US says “no,” arranges truce btwn Egypt & GB
- Nasser wants to modernize army, imposes modern ideas, gets military aid from the USSR, Islamic fundamentalists resist the changes, they dislike his secular rule of country

Front 63

Sayyid Qutb

Back 63

1950s Sayyid Qutb begins the
Islamic Movement in Egypt, he
says Egyptian govt. must follow the
strict laws of the Quran, country
must be ruled by the spiritual laws
of Islam, not by the secular ideas &
politics of the current government
Sayyid joins a new movement
called the Muslim Brotherhood,
they create riots, they try to take
Sayyid
Qutb
56
over the govt. but their coup fails
Nasser kills many followers of the
Muslim Brotherhood, puts >1,000
more of them in prisons
Sayyid Qutb is put into prison, he
writes 15 volumes (In the Shade of
the Quran) on the spiritual goals of
Islam & the laws outlined by the
Quran, he also calls on all Muslims
to strictly follow the Quran

Front 64

Ma'alim fi-'l Tariq (Milestones
[or Signposts] on the Road),

Back 64

- written in 1966 by Sayyid Qutub
- book is a
“call to arms” for all Muslims to cast off
their Western ideas & return to the
basics of the Quran
Book also calls for the overthrow of
secular rule, & of Nasser, and calls for
all of Egypt to abandon all the imposed
57
Western customs
He says that all of the problems in the
Arab lands are caused by the West &
Arab leaders trying to “become”
more like the Western Christians
His book says that all Arabs must rise
up in a Holy War (Jihad) for Allah
Nasser hangs Sayyid Qutub in 1966 for
treason and his attempts to overthrow
the Egyptian government

Front 65

Anwar Sadat

Back 65

Nasser dies in 1970, Anwar
Sadat becomes the new
president of Egypt
In 1972 he expels USSR
advisors and he cuts Egyptian
ties with the Soviet Union
Sadat wanted to “flex” the
58
muscles of his new Egypt so he
joined other Arab countries in the
Yom Kippur War
War was an effort to regain the
prestige the Arabs lost during the
Six-Day War during the 1960s
Arabs lost the Yom Kippur War
in a matter of weeks

Front 66

After Yom Kippur War in 1973

Back 66

Egyptian economy was in ruin
after the Yom Kippur War in 1973
Anwar Sadat is under pressure to
fix economy, he needs aid, he
asks USSR for aid but gets only a
little aid from them
Sadat asks the US for economic
aid, President Carter says he will
give Egypt aid and help them get
59
loans but only if they are willing
to agree to peace with Israel
US says aid depends on Egypt’s
recognition of Israel as a
legitimate nation
In November 1977, Sadat agrees
to be the first Arab leader to
ever visit Israel in peace

Front 67

Camp David Accords

Back 67

President Carter invites
Sadat to Camp David to
meet with Israel’s prime
minister, Menachem Begin
This becomes known as the
Camp David Accords
signed in 1979

Front 68

UN Resolution 242

Back 68

Sadat also agrees to sign
60
UN Resolution 242
Resolution 242 calls for
“..respect for the rights of
every state in the Middle
East to exist and live in
peace.”

Front 69

October, 1981

Back 69

Sadat
is assassinated by a
member of a new ultra
Camp David Accords
61
conservative militant
Arab group called the
Islamic Jihad

Front 70

President Mubarak

Back 70

After Sadat was assassinated in 1981,
Mubarak becomes the next President of
Egypt

Front 71

1960s: Chaos in the Middle East

Back 71

The 1960s were a time of turmoil & unrest among Arabs
throughout the Middle East region, many Arabs wanted to
return to their Islamic roots, they wanted to rid the region of
Western ideas and customs, most of all they wanted to rid
the area of Jews and return the land of Israel to the
Palestinians, the turmoil during this time period is what
led to the rise of Islamic Fundamentalism
Riots & a series of coup in 1963 returned Syria to strict
63
Islamic control & conservatism, it becomes anti-West
Islamic conservatives in Iraq seize control of the nation in
1968 & cast off Western ideas and returns the nation to a
government based on the teachings of the Quran and Islam
A military coup in Libya in 1969 returns that region to strict
political control following the laws of the Quran
During the 1960s the Middle East became a battleground in
the Cold War between the US and Israel vs. the Arabs
and the USSR

Front 72

Palestine become Israel

Back 72

Israel is often called the “thorn
in the side” of all Arabs
Israel has no oil but the average
person’s wealth is 20X that of the
average person’s wealth in any
nearby Arab nation
Palestine become Israel
64
Most Jewish people in Israel
are rich, but many of the Arabs
living in Israel are poor, many are
treated as 2nd class citizens
Most Arabs resent what Israel
has done to the Palestinians
Arabs see Israel’s defeat as a
victory for the Quran & Islam

Front 73

Birth of
Israel

Back 73

During the 1800s most European
nations became very nationalistic, they
took pride in their country’s successes
Theodor Herzl is credited with
beginning the political Zionism
Movement during the early 1890s
He called on all Jews to work toward
getting their own nation in the area
promised to Moses by God: the area
Theodor Herzl
65
p y
that is now called Palestine
During the late 1800s & early 1900s
rich Jews helped send European and
American Jews to settle in Palestine
By the late 1800s Great Britain signs a
treaty with Arab sheiks in Palestine to
gain naval and army bases in that
region of the Middle East

Front 74

Palestine 1900-1918

Back 74

- In 1914 in Palestine there were about 71,000 Christians, 83,000 Jews, and about ½ million of the people were Arabs
- During WWI, Britain and the Allies needed bases, wanted to defeat the Turks in the ME Arabs help them win the war

Front 75

Palestine 1920-1948

Back 75

Rapid Jewish immigration during the
1920s leads (doubles the total Jewish
population in Palestine) to the Arab
Rebellion (1936-1937) that takes place
throughout Palestine, the British troops
put down the rebellion
Peel Commission (1937) tries to bring
peace to the Arab Rebellion
68
Peel Commission recommends that
Britain divide Palestine, Jews agree to
the plan but the Arabs refuse and say
they want it all, Jews must leave
Arabs continue with their riots & begin
terrorists acts against Jews and GB
In 1940 the British enter WW II, ask for
a temporary peace between Arabs and
Jews in Palestine

Front 76

Britain and the UN and Palestine

Back 76

1946, remaining European Jews
flock to Palestine, Balfour
Declaration protects Jews, the
Arabs want Britain to “restrict” the
entry of new Jews, Arabs renew
their terrorists acts against Jews
Haganah formed to protect Jews
in Palestine, Irgun formed to
attack Arab villages & terrorists in
69
the area
1946-1947, GB tried to limit
Jewish immigration, the Jewish
Irgun blows up the King David
Hotel & kills 91 British Officers,
wounds over 150 more
Great Britain gives up & leaves, it
turns the area over to the UN
The UN offers a Partition Plan

Front 77

Israel 1947-1948

Back 77

UN agrees to divide Palestine
into two areas (see map, Arabs
would get the green areas, the
Jews would get the yellow areas)
Jews again agree to the plan but
the Arabs again refuse
October, 1947, Arabs launch a
70
series of night attacks on many
Jewish settlements, several
hundred killed, Jews protest but
UN says it can’t go after Arabs
Jan-Apr (1948) Jews attack 100
Arabs villages, 400,000 Arabs
flee Palestine and go to Jordan
UN gives up, pulls troops out and
leaves Palestine on May 14, 1948

Front 78

Arab-Israel War , 1948

Back 78

On May 14, 1948, Jews declare
they are the new nation of Israel
May 15, Israel is attacked by
Jordan, Syria, Egypt & Lebanon
War lasts a year, Israeli army
destroys 370 Arab towns, 750,000
more Arabs flee Israel and go to refugee camps in Jordan
Arab Legion (part of the Jordan
army) proved to be the best Arab
fighters, it captured half of Jerusalem
US stays out of the 1948 war

Front 79

After the Arab-Israel War 1948

Back 79

After the 1948 war Arabs seek military help from the USSR; USSR supplies them aid
For next 50 years of the Cold War it will be the Arabs & USSR against US & Israel
Beginning in 1949 the US gives modern weapons to Israel to “keep a balance of power” in the ME
US help for Israel then creates great
resentments among Arabs toward the US
Arabs, began to blame all of their
problems on the US & for aiding Israel
New Arab fundamentalist movement says that most of their troubles come from God’s
punishment for not strictly following the written laws set forth by the Quran
Arabs call for all to strictly follow the Quran

Front 80

Six Day War

Back 80

Rise of Arab fundamentalism
and nationalism combined with the
humiliation of losing the 1948 war
cause the Arabs to plan for a
new war to defeat Israel
Egypt encouraged the other Arab
nations (Jordon, Lebanon, Syria)
to join them in a new war against
Israel & return the land to the
Arabs
1967 73
Arabs attack Israel in 1967, Israel
repels the attack, war is over in
one week
Israel destroyed over 500 Arab
planes on the first day, first use of
the new US developed “smart
bombs” guided by lasers
Six Day War is another crushing
defeat for the Arabs, causes even
greater resentments toward US

Front 81

Israel in 1967

Back 81

After the end of the Six-Day War
Israel seizes control of all of
Jerusalem, takes the West Bank,
areas in Northern Israel, the
Gaza Strip, & the Golan Heights
Israel continues to get military
and economic aid from the US
US investments turn Israel into a
74
new commercial giant in the
Middle East,
Jews in Israel are now enjoying
the highest standard of living in
the Middle East, country has a
stable government & economy
Arabs are frustrated, begin
terrorism acts in 1967 with
bomb attacks & suicide bombers

Front 82

Yom Kippur
War: 1973

Back 82

Arabs conduct a surprise
attack on the morning of
Yom Kippur in 1973
That is the holiest day for
Jews, they fast, abstain from
any use of fire, turn off all
electricity, engines, car
During Yom Kippur all roads
are closed to traffic, no TV,
radio, or other
75
communications use, etc.,
Egyptian Arab units pour
across Sinai Desert into
Israel, Syrian army crossed
Golan Heights into Israel,
Arabs in Lebanon cross into
Israel as well
Jordan decides not to enter
the war this time
- Egyptian armies and tanks raced
across the Sinai toward Israel,
Syria attacked along the Sea of
Galilee into Israel, Lebanon
attacks Acre in the North, all
made impressive gains during
the first week
US sends arms and planes to
help Israel in the war
By the second week the Arab
76
advance halts, Israel then
retakes the Sinai from Egypt,
takes back the Golan Heights
from Syria, and takes the Suez
Canal and races on to the
outskirts of Cairo, Egypt
US tells Israel to halt its advance
and to give back the Suez Canal
to Egypt

Front 83

Israel
Today

Back 83

Current population is 7.3 million
citizens, many more Arabs live there
with work permits but are not
citizens
Water continues to be a big problem
in Israel, only 17% of the land in
Israel will grow crops without
irrigation
President Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin
(Israel) & Yasser Arafat (PLO)
77
presided over the signing of the
Oslo Accords on September 13,
1993, this gave control of Gaza to
the Palestinians
1999, Prime Minister Ehud Barak
agreed to give up 96% of occupied
lands in return for peace, Arabs
refuse, they wanted 100% of land,
Arabs call for the Second Intifada
(uprising)

Front 84

Palestine

Back 84

Arabs lose Palestine in 1948 when
Israel declares itself a new nation
Palestinians become refugees &
are a people without a homeland,
most flee to Jordan and live in camps
1959 the PNLM (Palestine
National Liberation Movement)
78
forms with its leader Yasir Arafat,
the goal of the PNLM is to return the
area of Israel to the Palestinians
1960 the Fatah, is formed and
consists of militant Arabs most of
whom are from Palestine

Front 85

Palestinians

Back 85

1964 the PLO (Palestine Liberation
Organization) is formed
1964, PLO is headquartered in Jordan
in the refugee camps
PLO begins frequent attacks on Israel,
PLO refugee camps are bombed in
Jordan in retaliation
In 1969, Yasir Arafat is elected to be
the new Chairman of the PLO
In 1970 Black September is formed
79
1970, as a new militant group within the
PLO, it vows to kill Jews worldwide
1972, Black September kills 11 Israeli
athletes at the Munich Olympics, it
then hijacks a number of airplanes,
mostly planes that are flying to Israel
from Europe
No El Al (Israeli airlines) planes are
ever hijacked

Front 86

Raid on Etebbe

Back 86

- 1976 Black September hijacked a European jet flying from Athens to Tel Aviv with 109 Jewish tourists on board
- They fly the jet to Etebbe, Uganda,hold the Jews for ransom 24 hours later Jewish troops carry out a daring midnight raid that saves all 109 of the hostages

Front 87

Abu Nidal

Back 87

In 1974 a new group splits off
from the PLO, named after its
leader Abu Nidal, their goal is
to kill Jewish leaders
anywhere in the world, their
HQ is located in Southern
Lebanon
1982 Abu Nidal members
t th I li
81
capture & kill the Israeli
ambassador and his aids in
London
From 1974 on Abu Nidal
kill over 800 Jews
In 1982 Israel decides to
go into Lebanon after them
- In 1982 General Sharon leads
Israeli troops into Lebanon to get
Abu Nidal and drive out the PLO
headquartered there,
Israeli army is joined by the South
Lebanon Army (composed mostly
of Christians), they attack the PLO
PLO flee to Syria but Syria fears
the PLO will bring an Israeli invasion
of Syrian so the Syrian army drives
82
the PLO out and back into Lebanon
where they are attacked by the
Israeli troops
PLO responds by declaring war
on all Jews both military and
civilians living in Israel
PLO begins to send suicide
bombers into Israel to blow up
and kill as many Jews as possible
- In 1983 the PLO sends out pleas
for help them, 300,000 Arabs
rush to Lebanon to help the
PLO fight the Israeli army
1983, Lebanon govt. asks US for
help, the US sends 10,000
marines to Lebanon, sends
USS New Jersey (battleship)
to shell PLO
PLO retaliates by killing the
President of Lebanon
Marine HQ
83
PLO responds to US threat by
driving a truck into the Marine
HQ, it blows up and kills 241
marines, injures over 1,000 more
US pulls out of Lebanon, sends
more arms to Israel
US tells Israel to take care of the
PLO problem in Lebanon on
their own
- Late 1983, Israel drives PLO and Abu
Nidal out of Lebanon to Africa
December, 1984 the PLO goes back
to Gaza in the occupied territories
In 1986 the UN passes Resolution
242, this guarantees the right for all
countries in the Middle East to exist
PLO responds by calling an Islamic
Intifadeh ( struggle) throughout all the
84
gg ) g
occupied territories
Suicide bombings in Israel increase,
Israel retaliate by killing many PLO
In 1987 the Muslim Brotherhood
calls for all Arabs in the Middle East
to begin an Islamic Jihad against all
Jews living in Israel
Suicide bombings begin to increase

Front 88

PLO Today

Back 88

In 1988, Sheikh Ahmad Yasir formed
a new splinter group out of the PLO, it
is called Hamas (zeal)
PLO signs the Oslo Accords in 1993
with Israel, agreeing to peace between
the PLO & Israel
1994 the PLO declares that the land
occupied by Israel is the new Nation
of Palestine, says Israelis must leave
85
, y
November 2004, Yasir Arafat dies,
there is a struggle for PLO control
Mahmoud Abbas succeeds Arafat as
PLO chairman, Abbas is elected
president of the PNA (Palestinian
National Authority) in January 2005
By 2004, PLO receives 50 billion in
funds to continue their war on Israel

Front 89

Second Intifada

Back 89

PLO begins the Second Intifada
(2000-2004), during that 4-year period
3,223 Palestinians and 950 Israelis
are killed in terrorists acts and Israeli
retribution for the attacks

Front 90

Achille Lauro

Back 90

- In 2004 the PLO highjack the Italian passenger ship Achille Lauro and kill an American Jewish passenger
- US Congress retaliates and declares the PLO to be a terrorist organization for the killing of the American Jewish passenger

Front 91

Hamas

Back 91

Today, Hamas is in control of Gaza in the occupied territories, sometimes it is even attacked by the PLO

Front 92

Balfour Declaration 1917

Back 92

- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), states that Palestine goes to GB after the war
- Under pressure from Jews worldwide, GB passes the Balfour Declaration in 1917 — guarantee that all Jews can come to Palestine & will be protected there by British troops

Front 93

LEBANON

Back 93

The country of Lebanon was
created as a French colony after
WW I, it became known as the
“Mediterranean Gold Coast”
because of its beautiful beaches,
nice hotels, and winter snow ski
resorts in the mountains
The area was prosperous and
3
p p
the people had a high standard of
living, higher than other Arab
regions, Lebanon was a great
tourist center
In 1918, after WWI, the majority
of the people were Christians
Granted independence from
France in 1943

Front 94

United Arab Republic

Back 94

Because of its strong economy
many Arabs from other regions
immigrated to Lebanon during
the 1920-1950s
By 1958 only 25% of the
population was still Christian,
by then it was 75% Islamic
Arabs
In 1958 Egypt and Syria joined
to become the “United Arab
4
Republic”
They invited Lebanon (red
arrow) to join them as the third
member in the United Arab
Republic
The Christian-controlled
government in Lebanon
refuses to join the United Arab
Republic

Front 95

Lebanon’s
Civil War

Back 95

The Arab majority wanted to join
the UAR, so the Arabs rioted &
declared war on the Christiancontrolled
government
Government asks for help from
the US & France to put down the
uprisings, US says it will help
In late 1958 the US sent 8,000
marines to Lebanon, they stayed
in Beirut Hilton, truck bomb drove
5
in, blew it up, 200 marines were
killed, hundreds were injured
By early 1959 the US sees the
local civil war is hopeless, so it
tells the Marines to return to US
The Civil War continues for more
than a decade
In 1970 1/2 million PLO flood into
Lebanon from Jordan to help the
local Arabs fight in the civil war
- By 1975 the moderate Arabs now
control the government in
Lebanon, they want the war to
stop and they want the PLO to
leave, the PLO refuses to leave
Lebanon govt. asks Syria to help
stop their civil war
In 1976 Syria send troops &
tanks to attack the PLO in
6
Lebanon, Syria is able to restore
some degree of order in Lebanon,
but the civil war continues
Israel decides to invade Lebanon
in 1982 to drive out the PLO and
the terrorist group Abu Nidal
The South Lebanon Army joins
Israel and helps them fight both
the Syrians & the PLO
- Civil war increases so in 1983 the
new Lebanon government again
asks the US for help to fight the
PLO
The PLO retaliate by killing the
President of Lebanon
President Regan sends 10,000
marines to Lebanon & also
sends the USS New Jersey
(battleship) to shell the PLO
7
positions in Beirut
PLO retaliate by driving a truck full
of explosives into the Marine HQ, it
blows up and kills 241 marines &
wounds 800 more
Regan is pressured by Congress to
bring home the marines and the
battleship after only a few months
Marines leave Lebanon in 1984
- Civil war in Lebanon intensified
and continued as Israel and the
South Lebanon Army fought
the PLO and Syrian troops
Under pressure from the UN
and the US, Israel agreed to
leave Lebanon in 2000
Israel pulls out troops but
keeps the region of the Sheba
8
Farms in Lebanon (red arrow)
that is located next to the
Golan Heights (which Israel
took from Syria and kept since
the Six-Day War)
Lebanon protested the taking
of the Sheba Farms region but
Israel refused to give it back

Front 96

Jordan

Back 96

During WW I, Sharif Hussein
(Sheik of the Hashemite Tribe) had
helped T.E. Lawrence & the British
win the war against the Turks
GB gets the area after WW I, calls it
Transjordan, puts Abdullah I (son of
Sharif Hussein) in control of the
region as the king (reward to Sharif

Hussein for his help during WW I)
GB gives independence to that
area in 1946, it is now called Jordan
In 1948 Jordan joins with other
Arab nations in the Arab-Israel War,
Jordan’s Arab Legion captures the
West Bank and half of Jerusalem
during the war

Front 97

King Hussein &
Queen Noor

Back 97

A conservative Islamic Palestinian
Arab assassinated King Abdullah I
in 1951
His son, King Hussein becomes
the new king of Jordan
In 1952, under pressure from the
UN King Hussein agrees to write a
constitution and have a parliament,
disbands parliament in 1957 as
being ineffective
10
g
After losing the West Bank to
Israel in 1967, the PLO fill the
refugee camps in Jordan but also
begin terrorists attacks in Israel
In 1970 Israel begins bombing the
camps in Jordan in retaliation
King Hussein sends the Arab
Legion to expel the PLO and drive
them out and into Lebanon

Front 98

fedayeen fighters

Back 98

represented a conservative
group of the PLO asks Syria to
help them fight the Jordanian
army
Syria sends tanks & army units
into northern Jordan to help the
Fedayeen Fighters
11
The US and Israel threaten to
attack Syria unless they retreat,
which they agreed to do
Jordan then seeks help from Iraq
and together they beat the
Fedayeen Fighters and force
them to flee, with the rest of the
PLO into Lebanon

Front 99

Jordan Today

Back 99

Today Jordan has a solid
economy, and an excellent
army (Arab Legion)
After the death of King
Hussein, his son (Abdullah II)
became the new king
Jordan is pro-West and tries to
broker peace in Middle East
between Israel/US & the other
12
Arab nations
The people in Jordan are
liberal and moderate Muslims
Jordan agreed to sign the UN
Resolution 242
Jordan is disliked by many
Arabs and many of the Islamic
Fundamentalists, the PLO also
King Abdullah II & wife Rania, the dislikes Jordan

Front 100

SYRIA

Back 100

Syria claims that it is the Arab
country that “has suffered the most
from the interference of the West”
dating all the way back to the very first
Crusade
Syria was created after WW I and
was a colony of France
13
Syria was granted its independence
in 1946 by the French
In 1948, 1967, and 1973 it joined
with other Arab nations in their wars
against Israel, Syria lost the Golan
Heights in the 1967 war; Israel has
refused to return it to Syria unless
Syria agrees to peace with Israel

Front 101

United Arab
Republic

Back 101

In 1958 Syria was the only
Arab nation willing to join
Egypt to form the United
Arab Republic (UAR)
The UAR was the dream of a
unified Middle East, similar to
the European Union of today
Because only two Arab
countries joined, the UAR
United Arab
Republic
14
soon collapsed
Syria is the only Arab nation
that lacks oil
Syria relies on economic aid
from the rich Arab nations in
the Middle East mainly from
the Saudi Arabia government

Front 102

Syria &
Bath Party

Back 102

In early 1970 members of the Bath
Party seized the govt. in a coup led
by the army
Muslim Brotherhood then
attempted a coup of the government
in 1975, it failed and the Bath party
retaliated brutally
Pressure from UN forced Syria to
adopt a new constitution in 1973,
15
but it says that all presidents must
be elected from Bath Party and must
be a Muslim
Syria is basically a conservative
Arab nation, it still suppresses
human & women’s rights
Syria is very anti-Israel & anti West
They are good friends with Iran,
which gives Syria billions in military
& economic aid

Front 103

Syria Today

Back 103

Syria lost the Golan Heights in
1967 war and this is still a sore
point with Syria, they wants it back
The Syrian Embassy in London was
used as a safe house by the Arab
terrorists (Abu Nidal), when they
killed the Israel ambassador
Because of that, the US & Great
Britain broke diplomatic ties with
16
Syria, which are still in effect
Syria does not like Israel, it is an
enemy of the US and Great Britain,
and it does not like the PLO
Syria is conservative & a friend of
Saudi Arabia and is liked by the
Arab fundamentalists for their hard
stand against the West and Israel

Front 104

Saudi Arabia

Back 104

The current Kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, in 1902 when he captured the his ancestral
home of Riyadh, which is now the capital
In 1932 King Abdul-Aziz proclaimed the area to be the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
In 1932 King Abdul-Aziz also declared the nation will follow the strict policies of the Quran and Islam, the Saudi Arabia constitution is a copy of the Quran.

Front 105

Saudi Arabia oil and geography

Back 105

In March 1938, exploration led to
the discovery of vast oil basins
under Saudi Arabia (map shows
“some” of the ones in the north)
World War II delayed until 1946
and by 1949 Saudi Arabia has
1/5 of the total world’s oil supply
and proven oil reserves
estimated to be well over 100
billion barrels
Saudi Arabia exports about 9
18
million barrels of oil daily
Saudi Arabia has no permanent
year-round rivers or lakes
Summer temperatures regularly
go over 120 °F; the hottest
recorded there was 124 °F in
1956
Most of the country gets less than
4” of rain a year

Front 106

Saudi Arabia and the PLO

Back 106

Saudi Arabia is the primary
funding support for the PLO
and other Islamic groups

Front 107

Saudia Arabia Today

Back 107

Abdul-Aziz died in 1953, the
national wealth is divided
among his 40 sons
Several of his sons became
the head of the government,
currently it is King Abdullah
Oil provides 90% of the
country’s revenue but the
average income is $20,000/yr
The country follows a strict
19
political & cultural system
based on the Quran
The country is friendly to the
US and the West but has a
bad record on human rights
issues

Front 108

Persian Gulf
War 1991

Back 108

Saudi Arabia agreed to allow
US and UN forces to use their
area as a base for the liberation
of Kuwait and the invasion of
Iraq
S diA bi t i d
20
Saudi Arabia was not viewed
favorably by many Arabs for
allowing the Western Powers to
use their area to launch an
attack on another Arab nation
After the War Saudi Arabia
suffers terrorists attacks from
Islamic fundamentalists angry
about their support of the
Western Powers in the war

Front 109

KUWAIT

Back 109

Region was ruled by various tribes, in
1750 the ancestors of the al-Sabah Tribe
conquered the area, it is still ruled today
by descendent members of that tribe
In 1913 Great Britain recognized the
area as a sheikdom and asked for a naval
base in Kuwait on the Persian Gulf, in
exchange Great Britain signed a military
21
pack with the Emir of Kuwait and agreed
to protect the region from its enemies
After WW I, Kuwait becomes an
"independent sheikdom under British
protection" as part of the Sykes-Picot
Agreement
Kuwait was given its independence
from Great Britain in 1961

Front 110

KUWAIT and oil

Back 110

British discovered oil in Kuwait in
1930, this make it a rich country
When Iraq invaded Iran in 1980,
Kuwait let Iraq borrow 65 billion to
buy arms to fight their 8-year war
against Iran
After the war, Iraq asked Kuwait to
forgive the debt but Kuwait refused
22
g
Damage to Iraq’s oil industry during
the war allows Kuwait to increase their
output 40% & becomes a major oil
exporter, that creates resentments in
Iraq
In 1988-1989 Iraq accuses Kuwait of
slant drilling into Iraq oil reserves near
their common border

Front 111

Kuwait in the 90s

Back 111

In 1990 Iraq annexed Kuwait then
invaded and conquered the area
Emir of Kuwait asks Britain & US for
help
US and Great Britain ask for a UN
resolution to free Kuwait from Iraq
January, 1991 UN forces invade Kuwait
to liberate it from Iraq
23
As Iraq retreats they carry out a scorched
earth policy by damaging 737 wells &
setting most of them on fire, the fires of
wells in Kuwait burned 11 million
barrels of oil a day
Blown up pipelines created a 50 million
barrel lake of oil in the sands of Kuwait

Front 112

Kuwait Today

Back 112

Today they have a constitutional
monarchy with a parliament
There are 2.5 million people in
Kuwait and the per capita income
is about $35,000
Only native-born people related to
the ruling tribe (by blood) can vote,
this includes only 15% of the total
24
y
population of Kuwait
Women were given the right to
vote in 2006
In 2009, 27 women ran for office
in the Parliament, four were elected
(see photo) and became the first
women ever to serve in that agency

Front 113

IRAQ origins

Back 113

Region was originally called
Mesopotamia, it was the region of the earliest
farming in the Middle East and later it had the
first cities
The region was conquered by the Persians
and then the Ottoman Turks who ruled the
region until after WW I
Great Britain established it as a new
“protectorate colony’ in 1918, has to put
410,000 troops in Iraq to keep the peace

Front 114

Amir Faisal

Back 114

Great Britain gives the region a new “client
26
ruler” Amir Faisal, son of Sharif Hussein,
Faisal is of the Hashemite tribe, Amir is
Syrian, he never lived in Iraq but now he is put
in as their King

Front 115

Iraq and Shi'a Muslims

Back 115

Shia Arabs are the majority & Kurds resent
the new ruler and GB, they began terrorism
acts, GB then puts Sunni Arabs (the minority)
in charge of the Army & government, gives
them all the important and key jobs
GB troops kill over 10,000 Shia Arabs in an
attempt to quell the riots and terrorism

Front 116

Iraq election 1921

Back 116

During 1920s Iraq is costing GB too
much money and they continue to lose
more troops to Iraq terrorism, in England
the public calls for the troops to “come
home” but the British Parliament says no,
they have to support their “client king”
In 1921, after riots and demands for a
democracy from the Iraq population, Great
Britain agrees to let the people elect their
own “President”
GB rigged the election Amir Faisal gets
Amir
Faisal
27
election, 96% of the popular vote, he is then made
the new official President
The rigged election causes riots and
terrorism against the President & GB
Great Britain is forced to add more troops
to Iraq after the 1921 election
By 1930s Iraq is an economic drain for GB,
in 1933 Winston Churchill calls Iraq “The
ungrateful volcano of the Middle East.”

Front 117

Britain pulls
out of Iraq
in 1948

Back 117

GB has to keep a large army of
50,000-100,000 troops in Iraq up
until 1958, that many troops were
needed to keep the President in
power & to fight the constant riots
and acts of terrorism
In 1958 the Bath Party seizes
control in a coup and throws out the
British citizens, and seizes all the
28
British owned and run oil wells
During WW I Great Britain loses
over 90,000 troops in the Middle
East, including some in Iraq
In the 40 years between 1918-1958,
Great Britain lost over 4,400 troops
killed by terrorists and had
thousands of soldiers wounded in
Iraq, the 40 years were also costly

Front 118

Iraq 1958-1968

Back 118

1958-1968 represented a
decade of continuous political
unrest and frequent coups
The decade saw constant
ethnic fighting between the
ruling minority Sunni, the
majority Shia, & the Kurds

Front 119

Iraq and the Bath Party

Back 119

1970 Bath party again seizes
control, writes a constitution &
29
,
agrees to have a democracy
and hold elections
The Bath are Sunni and are
resented by the Shia & Kurds
1970 the Bath party elected,
Saddam Hussein as the VP
In 1975, the President dies,
Saddam Hussein takes over as
the new president

Front 120

Saddam
Hussein

Back 120

Saddam Hussein begins attacking the
Kurds in 1976 to put down their
terrorists acts against the Sunni’s in
power
Kurds ask for help from and get aid
and weapons from Iran
Iran is happy to help the Kurds
because Iranians are Shia and they
want to defeat the Sunni and their
30
leader Saddam Hussein in Iraq
Iraq declares war on Iran in 1979 over
the Kurd issue,
Iran gets aid from USSR (communist)
so the US sends billions in military aid
to Saddam Hussein to help him fight the
“spread of communism” in Iran
This Iran-Iraq War becomes known as
the First Persian Gulf War

Front 121

First Gulf
War

Back 121

Iraq invades Iran in early 1980 along
the border near the Persian Gulf, Iraq
uses US weapons, gets CIA satellite
help and gains initial success and
kills 20,000+ Iranian troops
Iran then gets massive aid of tanks,
guns, & planes from the USSR, goes
on the offensive & pushes troops
back into Iraq
31
q
In 1982, Iran sends more arms to
Kurds, they then put pressure on Iraqi
troops & force army to send more
troops to the North
Hussein responds to the Kurd
offensive by using nerve gas on the
Kurds, the 1983 attack kills 60,000 in
one week, Kurd advance halts
- Kurds and Iran protest the gas
attack to the UN and also to the
US
US claims it didn’t happen,
says it is an example of
Communist propaganda
US increases military aid &
support to Iraq in 1983
In 1983 Iran begins a massive
32
offensive with 100,000 troups
Hussein responds by gassing
50,000 Iranian troops
Iran offensive halts
Iran protests again to the UN &
US, US again claims this didn’t
happen and is only communist
propaganda

Front 122

End of the First Gulf War

Back 122

By 1988, the First Gulf War
is a stalemate, neither side
can claim victory, both Iran
and Iraq suffer heavy losses
in troops and equipment
In June, 1990 Hussein signs
a peace treaty with Iran, the
war is now over
In August, 1990 Iraq
invades Kuwait, claims the
33
region has always belonged
to Iraq
Iraq is angry that Kuwait did
not forgive the billions given
to Iraq to fund the Iraq-Iran
Gulf War
Iraq also says Kuwait is
stealing oil by slant drilling
under the border

Front 123

Persian Gulf War

Back 123

Kuwait asks for help from the
British and also the US
US asks UN to pass a
resolution to free Kuwait
UN passes a resolution &
agrees to remove Iraqi troops
from Kuwait, but says that is all
This war becomes known as
the Persian Gulf War
Persian Gulf War
34
US plays a major role and
leads the UN coalition of troops
in the invasion of Kuwait in
1991, and the pursuit of Iraq
troops back into Iraq
Part of the attack is called
“Rolling Thunder” and results
in over 100,000 Iraqi troop
deaths, most trapped in
underground bunkers

Front 124

Persian Gulf War
(Desert Storm)

Back 124

In Jan, 1991, US-led forces
invade Kuwait, in 2 months Iraq
loses war, UN troops stop short
of Baghdad because UN
resolution only calls for
removal from Kuwait, not the
conquest of Iraq
Iraq army losses are estimated
to be over >150,000, US loses
300 dead
35
After UN troops withdraw from
Iraq in June of 1991, UN
requires Iraq to destroy all of
their WMD and says Iraq must
allow monthly inspections
Between 1991-1994 the UN has
limited success in trying to
ensure that Iraq has complied
with request to destroy its WMD,
inspections become difficult

Front 125

Operation Iraq
Liberation

Back 125

In 2003, the false belief
that Iraq is making a
nuclear bomb, & that
they are making more
WMD become the reason
for the US & UK to
invaded Iraq
US and GB troops
conquer Iraq quickly
36
quickly,
search for nuclear bomb
production and WMD,
none were ever found
By 2005, the “New Goal”
stated by the US is to turn
Iraq into a “democratic
government” based on
Western democracy

Front 126

Iraq 2006 to present

Back 126

2006 Iraq elections are held,
parliament is established,
question is whether Western
type of democracy will work
2006 U.S. & UK agree that we
need to keep large numbers of
troops in Iraq for many years to
ensure peace and democracy
37
The war and occupation of Iraq
becomes very costly in terms of
money and troop deaths
US sentiment toward war
becomes negative, it becomes
a major political issue in 2008
election
New US president Obama says
in his campaign that he will
withdraw troops from Iraq

Front 127

Problems in Iraq Today

Back 127

Region is mostly desert,
only 11% of the land will
grow any crops or can be
used for pasture without
irrigation (green star)
Most of the water in Iraq
comes from Tigris and
Turkey
Syria
Iran
40
Euphrates Rivers (red
arrows), the headwaters
are in Turkey & Syria
More and more water is
being diverted before
Iraq for crops, urban
growth & population
needs in Syria & Turkey
- Both the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers are
heavily polluted, much
of the soil near both
rivers is highly saline
Water is now unfit for
irrigation, drinking,
bathing or animals
41
bathing, Current population in
Iraq is about 25 million
Very high birth rate,
over 40% of current
population is under
the age of 14

Front 128

issues of race in iraq

Back 128

Three main ethnic groups in Iraq, 80% are Arabs, 17%
are Kurds, 3% are Assyrians (Persians) and others
97% of population is Muslim, 3% are Christians
20% of Muslims are moderate Sunni, 60% are strict
fundamentalist Shia Muslims
Only 40% of the population (over 15) can read or write,
the language of Iraq is Arabic

Front 129

economy/technology in iraq today

Back 129

There are 18 governorates
(similar to our states)
Main economy is oil, since
1960s oil has provided 95% of
the foreign exchange earnings
for Iraq, oil reserves are nearly
100 billion barrels, it is second
only to Saudi Arabia
Debt (mostly to the World
Bank) prior to the war it was
43
120 billion, this debt is still not
been repaid
Prior to the 2003 war, there
were 12,500 internet users
There are 22,000 miles of
paved roads
At the beginning of the last war
the army and reserves
Some of the major consisted of 6,400,000 troops

Front 130

Current Status in Iraq

Back 130

In 2007 Bush authorize the “Surge” consisting of
sending an additional 20,000 troops

Front 131

Iraq origins

Back 131

Iran is the home of the
great, early Persian Empire
during Biblical times, it was
called Persia until 1935, after
that it was known as the
Islamic Republic of Iran
After centuries of foreign
occupation and a few short-
45
lived native dynasties, Iran
was unified as an independent
area in 1501 by the Safavid
tribe
The Safavid Dynasty, is
conservative Shia Muslims
and established a monarchy
with the Shah as ruler

Front 132

Iranian Revolution

Back 132

Iran has been a monarchy
ruled by a Shah, almost
without interruption from
1501 until the 1979
In 1979 there was the
Iranian Revolution that
deposed the Shah and
46
declared that Iran would
become an Islamic Republic
Since April 1, 1979 Iran has
been an Islamic Republic
with democratic voting to
elect their leaders

Front 133

Iran &
Great Britain

Back 133

Ahmad Shah Qajar ruled Persia from
1909 until he was overthrown with help
from the British in the 1920s
He was an ineffective ruler who was
unable to prevent internal unrest &
rioting, he also tried to resist foreign
intrusions, especially by Britain
In 1917 Great Britain used Iran as a
staging area to attack Russia in an
attempt to reverse the Russian
R l ti th tt k f il d & l d t
47
Revolution, the attack failed led to
hatred against GB by the Russians
The British got Iran as part of the Sykes-
Picot Agreement, then they helped
overthrow Shah Qajar in a military coup
They put Reza Khan, in control of the
new government
Reza Khan soon loses favor with Great
Britain and then asks Germany for
weapons and aid during the mid 1930s
- In 1941, Great Britain invaded Iran to use keep Germany
from using the Iranian oil
Allies also feared that Iran would send troops to help
German troops invade Russia
After the invasion, Shah Reza Khan was forced to
abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Front 134

US Meddles
in Iran

Back 134

Shah Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi is an ineffective leader
and not liked by Iranians, he
allows Great Britain to exploit
Iran’s oil, he gets paid for this
In 1951 the people seize the
Parliament & call for an
election, Mohammed
Troops seize Parliament
49
Mossadegh is elected the new
prime minister, Shah remains
but is now only a figure head
with no real power
Mossadegh is enormously
popular in Iran, he seized &
nationalized Iran's oil reserves
in 1951 from the British, oil
revenue now goes to Iran

Front 135

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

Back 135

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
(AIOC) had operated since 1918
in Iran, it allowed the British to
keep most of the oil profits, rest
of oil profits went to the Shah
Britain responded to the 1951
seizure of AIOC by mobilizing the
British army and planning to
invade Iran to recover their oil
AIOC oil
wells in Iran
50
President Eisenhower feared
the British invasion of Iran will
start a war with Russia, tells GB
the CIA will solve their
problem
Mossadegh learns Great Britain
plans to invade so he asks the
USSR for military aid

Front 136

Iran and the CIA

Back 136

President Eisenhower fears
Iran will go Communist so he
tells the the CIA to overthrow
the elected government and
get rid of Mossadegh
Code name for this CIA project
was Operation Ajax
Kermit Roosevelt (Theodore
Roosevelt’s grandson) was sent
Mossadegh
51
Roosevelt s by the CIA to Iran to do whatever
was needed to destabilize the
existing government
Roosevelt hired local thugs and
criminals to riot, burn stores &
claim they want a return of the
Shah and the monarchy to
replace the freely-elected
democratic government

Front 137

Shaban
Beemokh Jafari

Back 137

CIA hires Shaban
Beemokh Jafari (known
as Shaban the Brainless)
to riot, burn stores, &
attack the govt. led by
Mossadegh
CIA pays thugs $100/da
to riot (good wages!)
The rebels seize the
government & arrest
Shaban Beemokh Jafari
52
Mossedegh and
members of Parliament,
put them in jail
Shaban then calls for the
Shah & his family to return
from England to become
the new Shah of Iran
CIA uses this success as
a model for later Middle
East operations

Front 138

Shah and his family

Back 138

Shah is Pro-West, tells men
and women to dress like
Westerners, encourages women
to look like Western women and
wear makeup, tries to modernize
the country, is resented by the
majority conservative Shia
Shah gets billions in military
support from the US, gives US
the right to exploit Iranian oil &
Shah and his family
53
sell it cheaply to the US
Shah spends lavishly on his
palace and family, ignores the
great poverty of most Iranians
Shah never extends an elite
status to the technocrats and
intellectuals in Iran, they are
treated as Second Class people,
causes great local resentments

Front 139

US Creates
a new Iran

Back 139

Operation Ajax, that CIA coup that
overthrew the elected government
made Iranians hate the United States
The CIA helped Mohammed Reza
Pahlavi, return to power and help him
stay in power by supplying him
information on opposition leaders in
Iran
The Shah formed the Savak (the
54
secret police), he tells them to crush
all secular and democratic groups
that are in opposition to him
The Savak kills thousands of Iranians,
imprisons thousands more
Soon, the Savak, the Shah, the CIA,
and the US, are all considered
enemies of Iran by the majority of the
people
- The Shah’s secret police
crackdown creates a
radicalization of the
dissenting groups, gives rise
to Islamic fundamentalism
and a call for the overthrow of
Shah and a return to the strict
teaching of the Quran
Scholars argue that if Iran’s
55
g
first secular democracy had
been allowed to continue,
mature, and solidify under
Mossadegh, it is likely that the
Islamic fundamentalism in
Iran, which now threatens
the US and the West would
never have developed

Front 140

Iranian Fundamentalism

Back 140

The Shah gets cancer, comes to the US
(MD Anderson) for help, while in Houston,
the Ayatollah Khomeini seizes control
Shah asks the US to help him regain power,
President Carter refuses to invade Iran
Khomeini seizes oil fields from US
companies & says Iran will cast off Western
56
influences & return to being an Islamic nation
following the strict teaching of the Quran
Imposes strict restrictions on women and says the
people can no longer dress or act like Westerners
Khomeini is anti-West, asks USSR for help with his
new oil fields, also gets military aid from the USSR
The US now fears Iran will go Communist as part of
the domino effect
- US agrees to help Saddam
Hussein and Iraq try to overthrow
Iran’s new government
US sends billions in arms and aid
to Saddam Hussein, US military
and CIA agents are sent to help
him plan his attack on Iran, CIA
provides Iraq with daily satellite
images of Iranian troop locations
Iran is angry at the US, tells US
57
to quit funding Iraq with weapons,
stop giving them CIA help, &
condemn Iraq for using nerve gas
In 1979 the CIA tries to overthrow
the new govt in Iran, it is poorly
planned, they get caught, Iranian
who helped the CIA are rounded
up and hung in public (photo)
Iran is very angry at the US and
the attempted CIA coup

Front 141

US Embassy
Falls in 1979

Back 141

In retaliation for the failed CIA
coup, Iran seizes the US
embassy in Nov. 1979, holds
over 500 Americans hostage for
more than one year

Front 142

Iranian nuclear development

Back 142

- Iran builds a nuclear plant after the
Ayatollah Khomeini seizes control
- The US and Israel fear the new radical government of Iran will build nuclear bombs and use them against the West
- In 1981, with US blessings, Israel
sends war planes to Iran and bombs
their new nuclear facility in Tehran
- Since 2005, Iran has been rebuilding a nuclear program, which has become the subject of contention with the West
- The UN Security Council has imposed economic sanctions on select companies linked to the Iran nuclear program
- This has caused further economic
isolation of Iran on the international
scene & more anger towards the West
- Israel has threatened to destroy the new facility unless Iran dismantles

Front 143

Afghanistan

Back 143

Afghanistan is a large,
landlocked and very
mountainous country

Front 144

First Anglo–
Afghan War:
1839-1842

Back 144

First war in Afghanistan was fought
to protect the British colony of India,
which included Pakistan

Front 145

Second Anglo-Afghan War:
1878–1880

Back 145

British invade again in 1878
with a larger force of 40,000
troops, occupy most of the
country

Front 146

Modern Afghanistan

Back 146

The Iron Amir (King Abdur Rahman)
consolidates the region with British
help and troops, he then rules the
region of Afghanistan from the 1880–
1901

Front 147

Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

Back 147

In 1973 Mohammed Daoud Khan
seizes control in a coup and declares
the region to be the new Democratic
Republic of Afghanistan, declares
himself to be the President of the new
nation, holds elections for a parliament

Front 148

The Mujahedeen

Back 148

Government is faced with terrorism so it
asks Russia to help them fight terrorists

Front 149

Soviet War in Afghanistan

Back 149

Russia sends 100,000 more Soviet
troops to Afghanistan in 1979

Front 150

Chaos in
Afghanistan

Back 150

Tribal fighting erupts among
the victorious Mujahedeen
groups for control of country

Front 151

Taliban

Back 151

The name Taliban means “student”
and they consider themselves
“students of the Quran”

Front 152

9/11/2001

Back 152

Osama bin Laden plots & then
carries out the 9/11 attack on the
World Trade Center in New York

Front 153

So, Why do they
hate us?

Back 153

- The West has meddled in the ME since the early days of the Crusades (AD 1090s)
- Since the early 1950s the US has needed oil from the ME region and has been a strong ally of Israel
- US has helped and kept ruthless dictators in power, has told the CIA to fund the overthrow of elected Arab leaders, CIA has started
wars, & armed rebels
- Arabs claim the West cares not for the people, but only wants their oil
The region is still a battle
ground for religious control
by both Christians &
Muslims

Front 154

FIRE economy

Back 154

an economy based primarily on finance, insurance, and real estate sectors

Front 155

anomie

Back 155

Durkheim’s term for an internal sense of lawlessness and displacement that results as people leave the tight network of their home villages

Front 156

strain theory

Back 156

Strain occurs when society does not provide the means to achieve the goals the culture considers desirable, people thus reject the socially approved means and either “retreat” perhaps into drug use or “innovate” (e.g., participate in informal economy)

Front 157

opium

Back 157

a narcotic that along with other narcotics such as heroin and morphine, are made from the seeds of a poppy that grows across Southern Asia

Front 158

cocaine

Back 158

results when the extract of the coca leaf (coca plant is cultivated in South America) is refined into a power becoming a much more powerful drug

Front 159

crack

Back 159

a modified method of preparing cocaine (a cooking process) results in cracked cocaine or “crack” which could be smoked

Front 160

drug cartel

Back 160

criminal organizations developed to control production and distribution of illicit drugs

Front 161

cannabis

Back 161

a plant that produces a useful fiber (i.e., hemp), a powerful drug (i.e., hashish), and a somewhat milder drug

Front 162

hemp

Back 162

a useful fiber derived from the cannabis plant

Front 163

hashish

Back 163

a powerful drug derived from the cannabis plant

Front 164

marijuana

Back 164

a milder drug derived from the cannabis plant

Front 165

decriminalizing

Back 165

alternative to legalization of an illicit substance where a drug could not be sold commercially or advertised, but mere possession would not be a crime

Front 166

“gateway” drug

Back 166

term refers to the idea that using cannabis leads to other drug use

Front 167

tobacco

Back 167

first grown by Native Americans in the southeastern area of North America contains an addictive stimulant called nicotine

Front 168

nicotine

Back 168

the addictive stimulant contained in tobacco

Front 169

alcohol

Back 169

a substance legal in most countries, alcohol has been the world’s preferred drug of choice for the last 7,000 years

Front 170

LSD

Back 170

a hallucinogen that can occur in nature due to the action of certain molds and also can be synthesized; it was the drug of preference of the 1960s

Front 171

“designer drugs”

Back 171

powerfully addictive methamphetamine that can be cooked in small labs or kitchens has provided a new homemade alternative to the drug trade (e.g., MDMA (“ecstasy”) and PCP (“angel dust”)

Front 172

methamphetamine

Back 172

a stimulant used illegally as a drug

Front 173

bazooka

Back 173

drug of choice in certain areas of Central America; it is generally an ill-defined mix of homegrown marijuana spiked with crack cocaine and sometimes other chemicals, rolled into a fat “joint” to be smoked

Front 174

feudalism

Back 174

a system found in some areas of the world, for instance in Europe during the Low Middle Ages; feudalism is characterized by a king dependent on his lords, who in turn depended on knights underneath them to provide his army, lords and their knights provided protection to peasants under their domain, in return, the peasants and artisans provided the lords and knights with the food and supplies (and sometimes with soldiers) needed to live well and to wage war

Front 175

“dark continent”:

Back 175

term used by Europeans to refer to Africa which remained, at least to them, unknown in the late 1800s

Front 176

Spanish-American War of 1898

Back 176

final colonial war of the nineteenth century, in which the U.S. seized the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico from Span and created a partially independent Cuba

Front 177

Third Reich

Back 177

represents Adolf Hitler’s and his Nazi Party’s dream of re-establishing a third great German Empire

Front 178

nationalism

Back 178

remained a powerful motivator throughout the nineteenth century as new and old nations fought to remain independent

Front 179

limited war

Back 179

type of warfare characterized by small armies, strict rules of conduct and ideals of honor and glory

Front 180

total war

Back 180

type of warfare that became increasingly less limited in the 1800s and was characterized by large armies

Front 181

blitzkriegs

Back 181

refers to “shock and awe” attacks used by Nazi Germany for a quick surrender of the enemy

Front 182

Cold War

Back 182

the next great war after WWII; it was not a total war but rather a new form of limited conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and was marked by a battle over influence, by an arms race, and by regional conflicts

Front 183

“proxy wars”:

Back 183

during the Cold War, these were regional conflicts in which what would have been civil wars became part of the struggle for dominance between the two superpowers (i.e., the U.S and the Soviet Union)

Front 184

police action

Back 184

term used by the United Nations to refer to the see-saw conflict in Korea

Front 185

containment

Back 185

term used to refer to U.S. cold war policy characterized by the containment of communism not its destruction

Front 186

mujahedeen

Back 186

the collection of Islamic resistance groups supported by the U.S. in Afghanistan

Front 187

Taliban

Back 187

the Pakistani-borne fundamentalist Islamic movement that gained control of Afghanistan

Front 188

Warsaw Pact

Back 188

alliance between the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany formed to promote communist governments in Eastern Europe after WWII

Front 189

North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO)

Back 189

alliance formed between Western European countries and the United States to counter the Warsaw Pact

Front 190

détente

Back 190

U.S. President Richard Nixon’s policy of limited cooperation to ease the tensions between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces that characterized the late 1960s and early 1970s

Front 191

glasnost

Back 191

Mikhail Gorbachev’s new policy of openness

Front 192

perestroika

Back 192

Mikhail Gorbachev’s new policy of economic reform and restructuring which, along with glasnost, set in motion a series of events that ultimately lead to the fall of the Soviet Union

Front 193

ethnic cleansing

Back 193

the persecution and killing of members of an ethnic group which characterized the civil war in the former Yugoslavia and other conflicts

Front 194

international terrorism

Back 194

the threat that regional conflicts might spawn terrorist actions felt far away and particularly in the great power centers

Front 195

small arms

Back 195

refer to the ever-present combination of automatic assault weapons and rocket-propelled grenade launchers

Front 196

weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Back 196

refers to atomic, biological, and chemical weapons that result in significant human loss, also called “nonconventional” or ABC weapons

Front 197

incendiaries

Back 197

chemicals that burst into intense flames that are difficult to extinguish were used with devastating effect against German and Japanese cities in WWII

Front 198

defoliants

Back 198

chemical agents such as Agent Orange that cause the leaves to fall from the trees and so make hidden troops more visible from the air

Front 199

mustard gas

Back 199

a heavier-than-air yellow vapor is one the favored chemicals used in WWI

Front 200

mycotoxins

Back 200

used by the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, these are mold-based poisons that caused what the Afghans called “the bloody diarrhea”

Front 201

Manhattan Project

Back 201

during WWII, this was a top-secret U.S. program of mass destruction and nuclear bombs

Front 202

biological weapons

Back 202

deadly strains of viruses and bacteria that could be spread over a large area or set in motion to spread themselves

Front 203

anthrax

Back 203

a disease caused by a bacterium that can remain dormant for a long period in spore form and then become active once inhaled into warm, wet lungs

Front 204

nuclear arms race

Back 204

the race began after WWII when the Soviet Union surprised the world by testing its first nuclear device

Front 205

hydrogen bomb

Back 205

a thermonuclear weapon tested by the U.S. which raised the stakes in the nuclear arms race

Front 206

nuclear fission

Back 206

a heavy, unstable nucleus of uranium or plutonium was split, releasing the energy of thousands of tons of conventional explosives; the first nuclear weapons worked through nuclear fission

Front 207

intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)

Back 207

the delivery method for nuclear weapons in which these weapons could be launched from one continent to devastate another

Front 208

deterrence

Back 208

the policy that resulted from the Cuban missile crisis where having the weapons to make sure the other side did not use theirs in a stalemate of mutually assured destruction

Front 209

military (industrial) complex

Back 209

term first used by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and further defined by sociologist C. Wright Mills, refers to military leaders, corporate leaders who often depended on military contracts, and political leaders who depended on cold war fears for their positions as forming a power elite that controlled the U.S. economic agenda

Front 210

people-power movements

Back 210

such as the one that succeeded in toppling the corrupt Marcos regime in the Philippines in the 1980s, these are nonviolent movements not easily stopped by force

Front 211

pre-emptive strikes

Back 211

part of the current Bush’s administration which emphasizes attacking a foe in expectation of what might be done in the future

Front 212

functioning core

Back 212

Thomas Barnett’s (of the U.S. Naval War College) contends that the world is divided into a functioning core or countries linked by globalization and a nonintegrating gap that incubate terrorism and conflict

Front 213

nonintegrating gap

Back 213

a large swath around the equator that includes most of African as well as the Middle East and parts of Southeast Asia that incubate terrorism and conflict, according to Thomas Barnett

Front 214

nationalism

Back 214

is the intense belief in the worth, rightness, and glory of one’s own nation

Front 215

nation

Back 215

an independent entity with full sovereignty

Front 216

sovereignty

Back 216

a nation is sovereign when it answers to no higher power, except as it may freely enter into treaties

Front 217

state

Back 217

term used by political scientists to refer to a sovereign government entity

Front 218

nation-state

Back 218

a sovereign entity that represents the interests of people who share a common culture, presumably a common language, as well as a common territory

Front 219

band

Back 219

a term used by anthropologists to refer to a small group of people working and traveling together, such as hunter-gathers, is the simplest way people have organized themselves

Front 220

pastoralism

Back 220

a human group that settles down to tend gardens and raise animals

Front 221

tribes

Back 221

pastoral or horticultural groups that have recognized leaders who speak for them to other groups and who come together to judge disputes, mark off land, punish offenders, and defend territory

Front 222

elders

Back 222

the leaders of Native American groups

Front 223

chiefdom

Back 223

a more centralized system in which a single leader starts to exercise more central control, commanding armies and perhaps controlling economic life by redistributing goods to those in need

Front 224

Europeanism

Back 224

in sharp contrast to their past, today European nations are turning to this new vision of unity

Front 225

transnational union

Back 225

represents the new vision of unity among European nations

Front 226

euro

Back 226

the currency utilized by members of the European Union

Front 227

patriotism

Back 227

devotion to the patri, or fatherland

Front 228

democracy

Back 228

rule by the people

Front 229

monarchy

Back 229

rule by a hereditary leader

Front 230

city-state

Back 230

a city that functions as an autonomous unit under its own leadership (e.g., ancient Athens)

Front 231

oligarchy

Back 231

rule by a powerful elite

Front 232

tyrant

Back 232

: originally a revolutionary dictator that had led the people in their struggle against an oppressive king

Front 233

demagogue

Back 233

according to Plato, this is someone full of empty but appealing slogans who would appeal to people basest desires

Front 234

philosopher-king

Back 234

Plato’s ideal ruler characterized by great power but no real wealth being too noble to want any

Front 235

meritocracy

Back 235

: rule by the most meritorious

Front 236

natural law

Back 236

Aristotle’s concept referring to ethical principles that are apparent in nature to all well-educated, reasonable men and thus form the basis of human rights and good government

Front 237

plebians

Back 237

or the poor in ancient Rome

Front 238

Magna Carta

Back 238

a document King John was forced to sign in 1215 by English nobles who came to stand for the rights of all Englishmen and is now held as one of the bases of British democracy

Front 239

proletariat

Back 239

term used to refer to the working class

Front 240

fascism

Back 240

a political system that combines state involvement in the economy with a powerful, centralized, and militarized nationalistic dictatorship

Front 241

totalitarian

Back 241

extreme authoritarian rule that tries to control all aspects of national life

Front 242

one-party system

Back 242

governmental system that gives control to a single party

Front 243

two-party system

Back 243

governmental system that includes two active political parties

Front 244

coup d’etat

Back 244

or seizing of the state

Front 245

“dirty war”:

Back 245

began in 1976 by the Argentine military when it seized power from chaotic political factions; thousands of political opponents, labor leaders, and others considered dangerous were detained and often tortured and killed

Front 246

human rights

Back 246

refers to the rights of individuals around the world

Front 247

civil rights

Back 247

refers to the rights of citizens of nations

Front 248

ethnicity

Back 248

is based on a sense of common heritage and common culture

Front 249

race

Back 249

originally referred to nothing more than a collection of tribes or ethnic groups, gradually it became a group of people with common physical and maybe psychological characteristics, due to their common origins

Front 250

ethnocentric

Back 250

placing one’s own ethnicity and its ways at the center of the world and judging all others accordingly

Front 251

white Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP):

Back 251

an elite designation of white immigrants from Western European countries that came to the United States

Front 252

tribal religions

Back 252

refers to the diversity of religious practice that has existed since prehistoric times

Front 253

shamanism

Back 253

terms used by anthropologists to group tribal religions that had informal spiritual specialists called shamans

Front 254

berdache

Back 254

or “third gender,” these were Native American men who rejected the traditional male roles and exercised spiritual powers

Front 255

animist

Back 255

tribal religions that include a belief in spirits and spiritual forces that animate the nature and human world

Front 256

Christianity

Back 256

or the way of Jesus the Christ, became the religion of the Roman Empire and has millions of followers around the world

Front 257

Islam

Back 257

the religion of the followers of Muhammad

Front 258

Hindus

Back 258

the religion of India which has influenced other parts of the world via the practice of yoga and meditation

Front 259

Buddhism

Back 259

religion that began in India where it never completely took hold, it quickly spread to other countries

Front 260

middleman minorities

Back 260

(or merchant minorities) operate businesses amid other groups and are often especially vulnerable to violent attacks

Front 261

jihad

Back 261

Arab term for holy struggle

Front 262

fundamentalism

Back 262

originally referred to a type of very conservative, Bible-oriented and largely rural American Christianity, later involved U.S. Christians who rejected so-called liberal tendencies in many churches called for a return to the fundamentals of the Bible, which often included prohibitions against dancing, drinking alcohol, watching movies and other worldly pursuits

Front 263

“religious right”:

Back 263

which is a major force in the U.S. Republican party and includes more direct political involvement with the creation of the Christian Coalition under Pat Robertson in 1984

Front 264

Islamic fundamentalism

Back 264

is seen in a form of Islam known as Wahabism, which emphasizes a literal interpretation of the scripture and its direct application to modern life

Front 265

Madrassas

Back 265

Saudi-supported schools that help in the exportation of Islamic fundamentalism

Front 266

liberation theology

Back 266

a set of ideas coming out of the Catholic Church that, at the core of the gospel, is a message of liberation for the poor and oppressed

Front 267

religious extremists

Back 267

or religious fundamentalists who hold very strict interpretations of their faith traditions and sometimes appear willing to use force to enforce these ideas

Front 268

state terror

Back 268

exemplified by Israel and Palestine, state terror involves cycles of revolutionary terror, opposing rulers and states, and state repression

Front 269

suicide bomber

Back 269

detonating explosives in crowded places that have been packed into a car or strapped to the bomber’s body and which supporters call “martyrdom acts”

Front 270

satyagraha

Back 270

meaning the energy and power of the soul, driven by truth and love was the name of Gandhi’s program and included his campaign of nonviolent resistance to injustice

Front 271

zapatista

Back 271

a social movement in Chiapas, Mexico which draws heavily on Mayan traditions and culture in its campaign against what it sees as Mexican government repression and economic exploitation in the very poor state of Chiapas