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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Yoruba subsistence
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Most yoruba do at least a little farming, but people are specialized. Half of yoruba population living in towns/cities, so people work for the beauracracy, there are traders, weavers, drummers, etc.Ome families specialize in specific crafts, which require years of artistic training.
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Yoruba social organization. (patrilineal, clans, bale, city-states, oba, babalawo)
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Every person belongs to his/her fathers clan, which overshadows the nuclear family in importance. Every clan member lives under the authority of the bale, the clans oldest male member. An oba is a monarch at the head of each city-state. The babalawo cult is made up of priests who decide whether the time has come for the Efe/Gelede celebration, by using palm nuts.
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Oludumare, Onile, Orishas
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A yoruba supernatural being, a male supreme being who is the source of all life. Although he represents beauty, he is not represented in yoruba iconography, and has no cult of devotees for his propitiation.
Onile plays an active role in the affairs of living men and women, She is the owner of the earth, and she is the goddess of motherhood. The orishas are a large group of supernatural beings beneath Oludumare and Onile. Many are associated with specific natural phenomena, others are the spirits of ancestors. The orisha directly influence the lives of mortals, so to entice them each is served by a cult of mortal worshippers. They worship with sacrifices, clothes and ornaments, sculpture, music, dance. |
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Criticisms of Yoruba carvings
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Should be not too real and not too abstract. Carved human figure should look like a person but should not exhibit flaws that set individuals apart. A carved figure should possess clarity of form and line. Carving should have a smooth surface. Details of carvings should be finely made.
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Yoruba. Moral and ethical bases of criticism (understand art for life's sake, why is there an emphasis on the head?)
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Art for lifes sake: Yorubans use art to praise the gods, who in turn can alter the life of mortals. Yorubans want art to be pleasing to the gods, so they criticize art. Heads are seen as a "mirror to the soul," the seat of consciousness and moral capacity. Thus, heads are depicted as being overly large.
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Yoruba. Harmony and Energy (how do these relate to how a person is supposed to act in the society, how does it relate to art)
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Harmonious energy, a phrase that stands at the very foundation of yoruba aesthetic thought. In harmony, one is supposed to live in accord with the ancestors and yoruba tradition. One is also supposed to act in harmony within ones contemporary social environment, eg all adults are to maintain a cooperative spirit in dealing with others and to be submissive to legitimate authority, be it political or family related. Harmony is also seen in art; a dancer should maintain control and have a "cool" look on his face. Energy is important and is the power to make things happen, one must be physically strong. The self made man can rise to a position of some power, all of which requires energy. A striving for energy, power, and prosperity is even more apparent in art than is the quest for harmony
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Yoruba. Oro (story of oludumare, how does this relate to art)
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The high god, Olodumare, created wisdom, knowledge, and understanding (which all make up Oro), because he was too charged with energy to come into contact with any living thing. Oludumare told them to go find their own place to live, they were unsuccessful, so he swallowed them. Eventually he got tired of the humming in his stomach so he expelled them and told them to go down to earth. On earth Oro is associated with literature, as well as communicative properties of sculpture, dance, drama, song, chant, poetry
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Yoruba Diaspora (where do we see the influence of Yoruba traditional religion?)
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Where slaves were taken, North and South america, the caribbean, culture came with them. Several orishas were translated into the new world.
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Oshogbo (what is it, how did it get started and by whom?)
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•In the 1950s, Suzanne Wegner (Iwin Funmike Aduni) began rebuilding shrines for the orishas in Oshogbo
•Ulli Beier began music club, Mbari Mbayo Club in Oshogbo •Oshogbo now known as the artist’s village A town in Nigeria, center for new art. A man who went by twin seven seven, met with a club in oshogbo. The town became a center for art. People from around the continent came, and it promoted a generation of african art |
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Aztec subsistence
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Economic specialiation with some farmers, traders, artists
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Ebeji (what is it, how does it relate to art)
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The cult of twins. •If one or both twins die at young age, a carving is made to house the spirit
•Carving is made to look like mature adult •Carving is cared for as if alive |
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Chinampas
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Floating gardens, in lake texcoco produced as many as 7 harvests per year.
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Types of Aztec art
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Pottery, jewelry, stone sculptures, architecture (temples)! Elaborate body decorations distinguished members of one social level from another. Emperor wore the most elaborate costume of all
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Tenochtitlan
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Built on an island, population of perhaps 200,000. Massive stone architecture, decorated temples, fine arts flourished.
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Why did the Aztec empire fall?
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24 million mesoamerican deaths between 1500 and 1600 due to disease brought by the europeans, warfare, massacres, and the inhumane working conditions that prevailed in mines and other spanish enterprises
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Why do we have so much information on the aztecs?
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-Archaeology
-Aztec libraries and codices (codex), which are rich with information -The spanish |
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Aztec influence on Mexican art today
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Some aspects of aztec culture are still alive today. More than a million people still speak aztec language. Mexican flag displays an eagle, perched on a cactus and gripping a snake in its mouth , a device that comes from the aztecs traditional tale of the founding of Tenochtitlan. The tortilla and the tamale were a part of aztec cuisine.
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Social structure
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Society composed of 20 ranked clans, each with many lineages that were also ranked. The vast infrastructure of the empire, from priests and bureaucrats to temple schools and the army, was supported through taxes paid by the farming populace.
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Flowery wars
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Human sacrifice, a way by which the aztecs hoped to give gifts to their deities and postpone a final destruction of earth.
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Shoguns
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Powerful territorial lords supported by the emperor.
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Japanese Subsistence
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Mixed subsistence patterns. Primarily agricultural, changes over time
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Social organization during the Imperial (heian period)
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Imperial era (heian period), 7th to late 12th century: Centralized state power
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Medieval Period
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late 12th to 1568: Shogun had centralized authority supported by emperor and daimyos had regional authority. A time of civil war. Based on clan structures
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Tokugawa period
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Strict rulers reestablished law and order, until westerners came in 1867.
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Shintoism
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The only belief indigenous to Japan. Concerned primarily with Kami, or spirits, that are "invisible to the human eye in our normal state of consciousness but are capable of exerting an influence on our visible universe.
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Change and purity (musubi, beauty)
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Fundamental concepts in shintoism. Masubi expresses the abstract idea of change. It embraces everything, and is personified by the rising sun. Its intangible meaning is a dynamic power uniting a pair of opposites such as man and woman, day and night, and subject and object. Shrines are located near water where one is supposed to rinse the mouth and otherwise purify the body
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Japan. The story of the Sun goddess, and what it says about art
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The shinto creation myth is based on the sun goddess. Her brother frightens her into a cave. The other kami, seeing that she is needed for the growth and nourishment of all living things, try to lure her out of the cave by creating things such as plant and animal life. Still frightened she cowers behind the caves door, until one kami approaches and plays music and dances, then exposes her nipples suggesting sensuality and revealing her parts of the body most directly related to childe bearing and nursing, reminding the sun goddess of her responsibility of bearing and nurturing the line of Japanese emperors. After she looks out of the cave she is handed a mirror, and exits the cave. ART: music was played with flute. Story reflects a belief that making music pleases the all important spirit world.
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