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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mode of Production |
-Methods which societies get food from there environment -linked to family, economy, political systems, etc |
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Physical things that affect mode of production |
rain crops etc. |
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Hunters and Gatherers |
Small groups Dont modify land Highly Mobile Socially close knit Domesticated dogs for hunting A lot of free time Males tend to do hunting Women tend to gather |
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Hunters and gatherers cont. |
They share Whale hunting (inuits) fishing Preserve food Social Pressure Interdependent Women process food Nuclear family is typical Processed food not shared like hunted food |
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Hunters and gatherers cont. |
Live in villages Toteum poles signify rank Horses revolutionized life on prairies Settlement camps allow for education, jobs, taxes, etc. - cultural pressure |
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Horticulture |
Slash and burn Pro-fertilized soil (doesn't last long) Use digging sticks Leave everything there No significant input of energy Feed more people Planting/Harvesting done by hand Men do heavier work |
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Horticulture cont. |
More labor intensive than Hunt/Gather Women process grains Supplement diet w/ proteins (fish/turtles) Domesticated animals (dogs,chickens, pigs) Villages much larger Utilized crops that can be stored Someone controls surplus Low energy |
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Horticulture cont. |
Remain in one place for a while Permanent residencies Strong bonds Redistribution from leaders Being absorbed by larger societies Drawn into global systems at bottom level Self-sufficient |
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Pastoralism |
Flat grasslands Extended human occupations Climate limits Domesticated horses, goats, sheep Focus primarily on animals Herding reindeer (eskimos) Portable houses Animals used for everything |
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Pastoralism cont. |
Trade animal products Total nomadism- dont settle in one place- avoid disease/war but everything you own must be portable Transhumance- relatively permanent houses Status inequality Wealth must be portable Being forced to settle- Animals overgraze,taxes |
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Agriculture |
Uses domesticated plants and animals Family based farms High energy Horses and plows Maintained terraces Enviornment completely shaped by human labor Tremendously insufficient |
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Agriculture cont. |
Population increase- huge status inequality, more diverse population Markets for distribution Plantation agriculture- workers do not have choices, plantation companies are in charge Peasant agriculture- surplus produced goes to some outside force, lose independence b/c of it Urban community= specialization in work |
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Agriculture cont. |
Can live at bottom of global economy Social inequalities Extreme poverty Indigenous people lose cultural equality when forced into bigger societies Indigenous people face negative feelings when they are treated unequal Smaller societies dont lose interdependence |
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Economic anthropology |
-Cultural rules about society and how stuff is made, distributed, and used -Closely tied to mode of production, values, political systems, etc. -Work closely w/ archaeologist |
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Wealth |
-Every society someone has more than others -Diff. between the most and the least differs from culture to culture -Even w/ inequality, in some societies no one cares -How people act about owning something varies from society to society (some share, some don't) -As societies increase in size these things change |
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Wealth cont. |
As a surplus is produced, we see a greater distance between those who have and those who don't have... nagging sense that you always need more |
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Social Mechanisms to defend and justify inequality |
Military Judicial System Value System |
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Secular Ideology |
it is good to have more than other or be more successful than others poor= bad moral decisions rich= good moral decisions |
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Systems of economic exchange |
People are dependent of other for survival Everyone needs economic exchange 1. reciprocity 2. redistribution 3. markets 4. globalization |
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Reciprocity |
Person A gives something to person B and B gives something back to A. -Social relationships -Direct economic exchange -Being selfish does you no good -Mutual interdependency -Always cultural rules to maintain fairness -Unequal social staus = unequal exchange |
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Redistribution |
Members donate goods or labor to socially important person in central location -Mode of production produce surplus -Leader redistributes it -More stuff you give back the higher your social status and gain social acceptance -Being generous w/ stuff or time -Latin American Cargo System- leader selected for a year that pays for everything |
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Markets |
-Physical place or just idea -Independent of status or relationships -Forces of supply and demand -Impersonal -Everything equally exchanged -Sometimes people continually go to same market even if it is more expensive |
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Globalization |
Exchange of goods and services among nations -Impersonal -Massive distance -Communication barriers -Sometimes you never touch substance traded (oil) -Smaller scale societies get drawn in and lose cultural heritage |
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World Systems Theory (political economy) |
-In order to understand the economy you have to look at the world interlinked -Eric Wolf argues: the core changes may have more than one core in order to argue why the core is the way it is you must look at its relationship with the semiperiphery and the periphery |
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Political Anthropology |
-Every human society has some form of political organization -Culture is integrated so it is closely tied to economics |
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Problems w/ politcal anthropology |
How to organize people? How do you deal w/ rule breakers? |
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Difference between power and authority |
Power= control, ability to get people to do what you want them to do Authority= socially accepted right to have power |
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How do people regain authority? |
Subaltern perspective restores status quo - Ex. prisoners couldn't use salad bar... gaurds never did b/c inmates could mess w/ food -Even in situations where no one has authority they can make it seem like they do -Group size increases, authority increases -There are societies w/ no authority |
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Political organization |
1. band level 2. tribes 3. chiefdoms 4. state level societies 5. nations or empires |
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Band Level |
-Associated w/ forging -Almost always egalitarian -Reciprocity -Leadership by agreement -Older people have more voice -Womens economic contribution is recognized -Selected leaders for particular task -Size varies on amount of available resources |
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Band level cont. |
-Related to other bands around them -Goods flowing from every band -Mutual interdependency between bands creates a social security -Can split the group to prevent controversy -No one has power to stop conflicts -Personal fighting may occur -Tremendous social pressure |
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Tribes |
-Groups that share common language,culture,territory -Pastoralist societies -Hundreds of people -Need some form of authority -"big man" in charge of redistribution -Village councils lead through persuasion through personal ability |
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Tribes cont. |
-Not inherited authority -Small level social inequality -Conflicts between families can be resolved through less personal reconciliation -Raiding increased to defend territory |
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Chiefdoms |
-Usually horticulturalist -More territorial -Massive populations -Storable surplus that is redistributed by chief -Bureacracy beginning to develop -Appearance of groups ranked by social hierarchy -Ranks come from goods and services |
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Chiefdoms cont. |
-Leadership from family rank -Passed down from generation to generation -Conflict resolution is less personal -Subchiefs handle situation even though he may not know the people fighting -More raiding and warfare to defend space |
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State level societies |
-Outlined community -Specialization of tasks -Agricultural society... sometimes horticultural -Huge population -Markets for exchange -Urban centers -Social reinforcement -Common labor |
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State level societies cont. |
-Taxes -Conflict resolution even more impersonal -Judges have no idea who people arguing are -Resolves conflict so society can operate -Stability of society matters most -Greater intensification of warfare -Huge distance between leaders and followers -Rigid inequality |
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Nations or Empires |
-Millions of people -Complete specialization of tasks -Massive urban centers -Buracracy -Warfare -Total class ranking -Massive social inequality -State becomes more important than individuals |
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Social Stratification |
As we move from each level we get more and more social inequality |
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A.R Radcliff Brown |
Borrowed idea that you see consistent links between societies... everything works together Theorectical perspective- Structural functionalism societies composed of parts that tie people together in webs of cultural components Argued: -Sometimes functions are manifest (obvious) -Sometimes functions are latent (hidden) |
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A.R Radcliff Brown cont. |
Studied african society Arguments against: -How can we explain change if all parts fit together? - Doesn't explain why only one way has to solve function |
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Increasing of ranked societies |
1. Caste System 2. Economic Classes |
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Caste System |
-Illegal today -Traditional indian society: Priestly Warrior Merchants Laborers Untouchables (Subsists within each caste) |
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Caste System cont. |
-Born in caste and remained in caste until death (ascribed) -Associated with economics and politics -If you live a proper life you will be accepted in the afterlife and may have a higher rank -Reincarnation maintains status quo |
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Economic Classes |
-Membership in class is (achieves) -Groups based on access to means of production not wealth Capitalist (owns means of production) Middle class (manage means of production) Proletariat (work for middle class) Underclass (poor people, immigrants) |
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Economic classes cont. |
-Effect politics -Reflect ideology -Our social class is a reflection of God favor (Sacred Ideology) -If you're poor it is your fault (Secular ideology) -If you work hard you will be owner one day -No one challenges capitalists |
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Economic classes cont. |
-When textile industries grew, they moved south -Capitalists controlled politions to make it illegal for blacks to work in textiles -As wages increase owners took textiles to mexico b/c of cheaper labor -Classes struggle between themselves |
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Karl Marx and Fredrik Engels |
Argued that: -No one challenged capitalists -Proletariat discovered relation in Hierarchy- class consciousness then seize means of production -This was inevitable so capitalists controlled ideology to make sure this didn't happen -Once revolution of proletariat, the ideology wouldn't matter any more -"religion was opium of the day" |
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Problem w/ Marxs theory |
Conflict theory -Classes struggle over resources -Explains why societies look the way they do -Conflicts arise over less tangible things (power,influence) -Sometimes struggles are over truth (who gets to tell the story?) ... those with more power gets to tell their story or the truth |
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Conflict theory critiques |
-How do people get their story out and how do we know it is legitament? -Is it possible inequality to be seen as a positive motivator? -Maybe what causes cultures to change is because of leader not social struggle over stuff |
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Kinship |
Study of cultural rules b/c of gender, religion, marriage, family, etc. |
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Things to consider |
1. how culture overrides biology 2. difference between real behavior and ideal rules 3. need cross cultural approach |
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Concept of gender |
How you define yourself NOT based on biology |
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Gender |
Gender is socially flexible (male, female, somewhere in between) |
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Gender identity |
is a continum |
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Sexual Orientation |
Who are you attracted to? (Straight, gay, or somewhere in between?) |
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Berdaches |
-Individuals that identified as opposite of gender they were born as... -Absolutely no social stigma attached -"special", "Closer contact w/ dead spirits", "in between" |
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Hijras |
-A lot less social important -Often male -See as female -Live in groups -Make living by dancing/begging at wedding -"in between" -Socially recognized but lower class |
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Dichotomize Identity and Orientation |
-When you look at sexual orientation cross culturally you can see a much more culturally controlled by rules -Maximum is 5 gender categories |
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Sambia |
-New Guinea -Name given for protection -Horticulturalists -Male dominated -Pass essence of manhood down -Man-ness found in semen -Unmarried man live together and have oral sex with younger males |
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Sambia cont. |
-Mutually enjoyed -Part of cultural value system -Once males get married to women, homosexual activity ends completely -Complete reversal -Every adult male makes transformation |
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Gender roles |
-Tasks assigned to male and females -Connected to ideology -Scientist argue some are better at certain tasks than others -1930s- Margret Mead- sent to south pacific to test if women and me have naturally given roles -Mead was violator of women roles at the time |
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Gender roles cont. |
-Mead was married 4 times and had a fling w/ a female anthropologist -Mead found that in some cultures men were "better" but in some it was the exact opposite -Field of anthropology suffered from "man the hunter" -Women provide most calories |
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Gender roles cont. |
-As research start to investigate primate and hunter gatherers remained the same but women began to get more involved -By the 70s this idea began to disappear |
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Gender roles cont. |
-In every human society tasks are assigned to males and females -Cross-culturally very few exclusively male and very few exclusively female tasks -Heavy labor=men, child care= women -Gender roles determined by cultural rules -As population grows, interdependency grows between males and females |
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Gender status |
-Ranked gender roles
-In societies w/ higher classes the people have higher gender status -Age and Activities also affect ranking |
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Status inequality |
-Difficult to measure status inequality -In horticultural societies status between men and women is almost equal -As societies increase in size, social elements change... status of women generally declines, change in status changes ideology |
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Peggy Sanday |
"Maybe we do have examples of matriarchy society" |
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Matrilineal societies |
-Descent is traced through women, so women own land -Males have authority -Women have power -Women control everything, even their own bodies |
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Why does women status decline? |
Argument 1: b/c warfare increases, males do fighting which makes males more important Argument 2: b/c tasks assigned to women are removed from external contacts in forging societies Argument 3: b/c gender status is related to post marital residence |
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Sexuality |
-As women lose political and economic equality, they lose control of own sexuality -Women in foreging societies have control of own sexuality -Sexual desire is equal to male and females -Female biology and emotion becomes a means of control |
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Sexuality cont. |
-Some societies women weren't supposed to think about sex but it was a wifely duty to submit to her husband -Control of female sexuality can be subtle like denying access of sex -Sexuality is used as a weapon of control in unequal societies |
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Sexuality cont. |
-In some islamic societies there is a purdah which is a set of rules that women are socially deprived b/c males will have sexual desires -Social exclusion to preserve a womans virginity -Emotional desire is used against you -Redefine beauty itself b/c of physical nature transform natural bodies to be undesirable |
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Sexuality cont. |
-Natural aging process for women becomes negative -China bounded feet to keep the small to be beautiful (outlawed in 40s) -Genital modifications to be attractive -Sex is a weapon of control -In SC, it used to be illegal for a man to rape his wife even if they weren't together (outlaw in 91) -Not universal method of control |
