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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Archaeology
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The scientific study of material remains (as artifacts and monuments) of past human life and activities
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Archaeology’s methods draw upon
(state 5) |
• Economic theory
• Geo-chemistry • Philosophy • Nuclear physics • Climate studies • History • Feminist studies • Social theory • Genetics • Paleo-pathology • Materials science • Botany • Political Science • Cultural Geography |
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Relaitve Dating (3)
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-Three Age
-Stratigraphy -Typology |
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Absolute Dating
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- K-Ar
- Radiocarbon - Tree-ring (dendrochronology) |
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Climate change drives evolution
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-A species should be in balance with it’s environment
-If the environment changes, the species must adapt to survive |
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Adaption is....
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Evolutionary mutation
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True or False:
- Human evolution was a clear, straight line |
FALSE!
Human evolution had many dead ends, and curves. Not a straight line |
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Sahelanthropus tchadenesis
- Time? - Where? - Back of Skull? - Front of Skull? - Bipedal? |
- 7‐6 mya
- Chad - Back of Skull like chimp - Front like Australopithecus - Bipedalism suggested |
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Ardipithecus Ramidus
- Where? - Skull? - Place of residence? -Bipedal? |
- Ethiopia
- Skull like a chimp - Lived in forests - Bipedal ** Could be earliest example of when apes diverged int hominins |
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Australopithecus Afarensis
- Where? - When? - Bipedal? |
- Hadar region (Ethiopia)
- Laetoli (Tanzania) - 3.18 mya - Bipedal from waist down - Arboreal from waist up |
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Lucy!
- Height? - Age? |
1- 1.2 m tall
- 19-21 years old |
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Australopithecus Afarensis Tool Use!
- When? - What found? - What on objects? - Extends tool use back by ____ years |
- 3.39 mya !
- 4 animal bones - distinct cutting/ chopping marks - extends tool use by 800,000 years! |
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Australopithecus Africanus
- When? - Where? - Mobile/ Bipedal? - Skulls? |
- 3.2 mya
- South Africa - Very mobile, bipedal - Small skulls, jutting out faces |
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Australopithecus Gahri
When? Where? What? |
- Ethiopia
- 2.5 mya - First evidence for butchery |
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Early Homo Characteristics
- Differences with Australopithecines - State 4 |
• Larger brains
• Smaller jaws/ teeth • Longer legs, shorter arms • More dexterous hand • Larger body • Less sexual dimorphism • Probably made tools |
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Early Homo Characteristics
- Similarities with Australopithecines |
• Similar height/ weight
• Lived in same areas • Similar lifestyles |
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Homo Habilis
- Where? - When? - Body? |
Olduvai Gorge, East Turkana, Koobi Fora
• 1.9-1.6 mya • Bipedal, but less ape like • Larger Brain • Longer arms- time climbing |
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Four Criteria for Defining Homo
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1. Brain size = 600 cubic centimeters
2. Language = Identified from brain casts 3. Precision = Grip, and opposable thumb 4. Stone Tool making |
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Problems with Four Criteria
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1. Brain size = Dubious biological importance
2. Language = Cannot be determined from brain casts 3. Precision Grip/ Opposable Thumbs = Range? 4. Stone Tools = Associated with whom? |
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Pre 1.9 mya
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- Low body mass
- Body better shaped for closed environment - Bipedal and Arboreal - Teeth and jaws strong - Young had short childhood |
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Post 1.9 mya
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- Larger body mass
- More modern body shape, better for open terrain - Terrestrial bipedalism - Teeth/ jaws more like today - Prolonged childhood |
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How we study Early Human Behaviour
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-- Artefact scatters
• General Lifestyle - Tool Production • Activities • Cognition • Diet - Food remains • Diet • Social organization - Isotopic Analysis • Diet |
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True or False:
To use tools is to be human |
FALSE!
To MAKE tools is to be human |
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Tool making as a cognitive index
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o Advanced capabilities = planning and forethought
o Understand mechanics o Can visualize in 3-D o Could repeat practices o Could pass on know-how |
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Look for these three combined clues in fossil evidence
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- Eats meat regularly
- Makes/ uses tools - Utilizes fire |
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Dart's Study
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Focused on meat eating
• Studied animal bones from S.A fossil beds o These skeletons were not intact, loss of ribs, pelvis, vertebrae • HYPOTHESIS o Parts removed by humans and brought to camp • MAN THE MIGHTY HUNTER! |
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Challenging Dart's Model
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- Australopithecus only 90 pounds!
• Hunted not Hunter - Hyenas responsible for bones? • E.R Hughes excavated Hyena nest, NO BONES o Inconclusive evidence |
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H. Egaster/ H. Erectus
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The first humans to leave Africa!
Moved to many different ecological niches |
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True or False
Neanderthals evolved in Africa and then moved to Europe |
FALSE!
Neanderthals evolved out of H. Erectus in Europe! |
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True or False
Neanderthals are 99.7 % identical to us |
True!
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True or False
Neanderthals were most likely gingers with high, squeaky voices |
True! (unfortunately)
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Multiregional Model
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Homo Erectus evolved into Homo Sapiens in each of their own region
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Out of Africa
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Homo Sapiens evolved in Africa and then moved into their respective areas
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What Happened to Neanderthals??
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Died out 50,000- 30,000 BC
Absorbed by Homo Sapiens! |
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Mobilary Art
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Small Statues
Portable Engraved plaques Carved Bone |
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Parietal Art
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Parietal Art : Difficult to Qualify
- 300 + caves with paintings - original number?? - Spain -140 - France -147 - Sicily -25 - Painting ( Layers/ temporality) - Relief molding - Carving |
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Hunting Magic?
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No, the animals on the walls were not hunted.
(Reindeer was the primary meat source, and there was only one reindeer drawing) |
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Central Europe Figurines
- Male - Female - Neutral |
M- 10.2 %
F- 24.8 % N- 64.6 % |
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Eastern Europe Figurines
- Male - Female - Neutral |
M- 4.2 %
F- 60 % N- 35.8 % |
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Rice's Body Attributes (132/188)
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- Young (pre productive)
- Middle (reproductive) - Middle (pregnant) - Middle (non pregnant) - Old (post reproductive) "the statuettes represent women through their adult life span, not just in their reproductive stage" |
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Mal'ta tradition
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- sites around lake bail
-26,000- 20,000 NP Mal'ta 6458 sq feet - Huts of bone, antler, skin - Hunt mammoths, rhinos - Expert bone carvers |
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Diuktai tradition (Siberia)
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- NE Siberia, post glacial warming
- Diuktai Dave - usual subsistence -Bifacial projectiles + microblades |
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Beringia
- 100m lower Sea Level land bridge called Beringia |
- Open c.10,000-11,000 BP
- Harsh environment, oases of resources- route more than a niche for existence - People crossed by foot - Sometime, after 18,000 years ago, people associated with Duiktai tradition crossed by foot - Could have moved along coast by boat (Australia reached by 35,000 BC) |
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Clovis First
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• Out of Beringia, post ice melt 13,200 BP
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Pre- Clovis
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• c. 16,000- 14,000 BP by way of ice corridors or coastal routes (Cactus Hill, Monte Verde)
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An Alternative Atlantic Route?
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Soultrean and Clovis
• Similar blade technology found in both Western Europe and Eastern North America • Chasing game, “ice hopping” ? |
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A Pacific Crossing?
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- Australia settled 40,000 BP- by water (boats)
- Route from Australia- Tasmania via ice flows of Antarctic - Cultural and phenotypical links between Australian Aboriginals & Selkham and Yaghan tribes (Patagonia) |
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Typology
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"The classification of archaeological types”
-Types of grave, types of arrowhead, types of pottery -The systematic organization of artifacts into types on the basis of shared attributes , in chronological and developmental order |
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Agriculture
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The process of food production
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True or False !
In history, 97% of humans have been hunter gatherers |
FALSE!
99% of human in history have been hunter-gatherers |
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The Fertile Crescent
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The Middle East
• Earliest evidence for agriculture: Domesticated cereals c.11,000 years ago |
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Mesoamerica
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• Domestication of maize, beans and squash c. 7,000 years ago
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Highland / Coastal Andes
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• Domestication of llama, alpaca, guinea pig, potato and quinoa, c. 7,500- 4,500 years ago
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China (Yangtzi/ Yellow Rivers)
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• Origins of rice cultivation c.10,000- 8,000 years ago (Mid Yangtizi)
• Origins of millet cultivation c.8,5000 years ago |
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Explaining the Origins of Agriculture!
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- Climate
- Ecology - Population pressure - Social Competition |
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The Neolithic Revolution
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- Termed in 1920’s- after idea of industrial revolution
• Change in the means of production that spurred socio-economic development • Revolutionary moment: from “savage hunter” to “civilized farmer” • Radical change/ sharply defined • Major social benefits- part evolutionary trajectory towards urban revolution |
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Neolithic Package
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Domesticates
Pottery Sedentary Lifestyle Ground Stone Tools |
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How did we get from "wild" to "domesticate"
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• Post ice-age climatic change- gets warmer/ drier
• Severe drought- humans/ plants/ animals pushed into oases niches • Agriculture develops from shared environment- initial focus on animals • BUT evidence is lacking- also some agricultural sites pre-date warmer period |
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Figueria Bova
Forbes' Quarry |
Spain
Last sights for neanderthals! |
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Aechulian Tradition
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Africa, Middle East
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Movius Line
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Divides Africa/ Middle East from Asia/ Europe
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Saccopastore, Guattari
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Sites in Italy
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Solutrean, Magdelenian
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Sites in Western Europe
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Sungir, Kosteinki,
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Sites in Eastern Europe (Russia)
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Gagarino, Kosteinki, Willendorf
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Figurative Art sites
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