Anthro 104 2

Front 1

kin group?

Back 1

(group of people related by blood or marriage)
a group of people who culturally consider themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk

Front 2

(group of people related by blood or marriage)
a group of people who culturally consider themselves to be relatives, cooperate in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk?

Back 2

kin group

Front 3

nuclear family?

Back 3

a family unit consisting of only parents and children

Front 4

a family unit consisting of only parents and children?

Back 4

nuclear family

Front 5

extended household?

Back 5

a group of related nuclear families that live together in a single household

Front 6

a group of related nuclear families that live together in a single household?

Back 6

extended household

Front 7

incest taboo?

Back 7

prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives

Front 8

prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives?

Back 8

incest taboo

Front 9

exogamous rules?

Back 9

marriage rules that prohibit individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category

Front 10

marriage rules that prohibit individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category?

Back 10

exogamous rules

Front 11

endogamous rules?

Back 11

marriage rules that require individuals to marry some member of their own social group or category

Front 12

marriage rules that require individuals to marry some member of their own social group or category?

Back 12

endogamous rules

Front 13

monogamy?

Back 13

the practice in which each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time

Front 14

the practice in which each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time?

Back 14

monogamy

Front 15

polygyny?

Back 15

the practice in which one man is allowed to have multiple wives

Front 16

the practice in which one man is allowed to have multiple wives?

Back 16

polygyny

Front 17

polyandry?

Back 17

the practice in which one woman is allowed to have multiple husbands

Front 18

the practice in which one woman is allowed to have multiple husbands?

Back 18

polyandry

Front 19

group marriage?

Back 19

several women and several men married to one another simultaneously

Front 20

several women and several men married to one another simultaneously?

Back 20

group marriage

Front 21

bridewealth?

Back 21

(groom gives money to bride)
the custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage

Front 22

(groom gives money to bride)
the custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to validate the marriage?

Back 22

bridewealth

Front 23

brideservice?

Back 23

the custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife

Front 24

the custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife?

Back 24

brideservice

Front 25

dowry?

Back 25

the custom in which the family of a woman transfers property of wealth to her upon marriage

Front 26

the custom in which the family of a woman transfers property of wealth to her upon marriage?

Back 26

dowry

Front 27

postmarital residence pattern?

Back 27

where a newly married couple goto live after their marriage

Front 28

where a newly married couple goto live after their marriage?

Back 28

postmarital residence pattern

Front 29

patrilocal residence?

Back 29

a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the husband's parents

Front 30

a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the husband's parents?

Back 30

patrilocal residence

Front 31

matrilocal residence?

Back 31

a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the wife's parents

Front 32

a residence form in which a couple lives with or near the wife's parents?

Back 32

matrilocal residence

Front 33

ambilocal residence?

Back 33

a residence form in which a couple chooses to live with either the wife's of the husband's family

Front 34

a residence form in which a couple chooses to live with either the wife's of the husband's family?

Back 34

ambilocal residence

Front 35

neolocal residence?

Back 35

a residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husband's and wife's parents

Front 36

a residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husband's and wife's parents?

Back 36

neolocal residence

Front 37

unilineal descent?

Back 37

descent through one "line"; includes both patrilineal and matrilineal descent

Front 38

descent through one "line"; includes both patrilineal and matrilineal descent?

Back 38

unilineal descent

Front 39

patrilineal descent?

Back 39

a kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their fathers

Front 40

a kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their fathers?

Back 40

patrilineal descent

Front 41

matrilineal descent?

Back 41

a kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their mothers

Front 42

a kinship system in which individuals trace their primary kinship relationships through their mothers?

Back 42

matrilineal descent

Front 43

lineage?

Back 43

(line of descendants from a particular ancestor)
a unilineal descent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related

Front 44

(line of descendants from a particular ancestor)
a unilineal descent group larger than an extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related?

Back 44

lineage

Front 45

clan?

Back 45

(group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent)
a named unilineal descent group some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related but still believe themselves to be kinfolk

Front 46

(group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent)
a named unilineal descent group some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related but still believe themselves to be kinfolk?

Back 46

clan

Front 47

bilateral descent?

Back 47

a kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships equally through both parents

Front 48

a kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships equally through both parents?

Back 48

bilateral descent

Front 49

kindred?

Back 49

all the bilateral relatives of an individual (people of the same family)

Front 50

all the bilateral relatives of an individual all the bilateral relatives of an individual (people of the same family)?

Back 50

kindred

Front 51

cognatic descent?

Back 51

a kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships through both males and females

Front 52

a kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships through both males and females?

Back 52

cognatic descent

Front 53

cultural construction of gender?

Back 53

the idea that the characteristics a people attribute to males and female are culturally, not biologically, determined

Front 54

the idea that the characteristics a people attribute to males and female are culturally, not biologically, determined?

Back 54

cultural construction of gender

Front 55

gender crossing?

Back 55

the adoption of social roles and behaviors normatively appropriate for the opposite biological sex from one's own

Front 56

the adoption of social roles and behaviors normatively appropriate for the opposite biological sex from one's own?

Back 56

gender crossing

Front 57

multiple gender identities?

Back 57

the presence in some cultures of more than two sexes

Front 58

the presence in some cultures of more than two sexes?

Back 58

multiple gender identities

Front 59

sexual division of labor?

Back 59

the patterned ways in which productive activities and tasks are assigned to women versus men in a culture

Front 60

the patterned ways in which productive activities and tasks are assigned to women versus men in a culture?

Back 60

sexual division of labor

Front 61

gender stratification?

Back 61

the degree of inequality between males and females based on culturally defined differences between the sexes (social status, access to resources, wealth, power, influence)

Front 62

the degree of inequality between males and females based on culturally defined differences between the sexes (social status, access to resources, wealth, power, influence)?

Back 62

gender stratification

Front 63

reciprocity?

Back 63

(trading)
the transfer of goods for other goods between two or more individuals or groups

Front 64

(trading)
the transfer of goods for other goods between two or more individuals or groups?

Back 64

reciprocity

Front 65

redistribution (such as taxes)?

Back 65

(such as taxes)
the collection of products or money by a central authority, followed by distribution to the group's members

Front 66

the collection of products or money by a central authority, followed by distribution to the group's members (such as taxes)?

Back 66

redistribution

Front 67

market?

Back 67

exchange by means of buying and selling, using money, at prices determined by forces of supply and demand

Front 68

exchange by means of buying and selling, using money, at prices determined by forces of supply and demand?

Back 68

market

Front 69

generalized reciprocity?

Back 69

(exchange of goods and services without keeping track of their exact value)
the giving of goods without expectation of a return of a gift of equal value at any definite future time

Front 70

(exchange of goods and services without keeping track of their exact value)
the giving of goods without expectation of a return of a gift of equal value at any definite future time?

Back 70

generalized reciprocity

Front 71

balanced reciprocity?

Back 71

(when someone gives to someone else, expecting a fair and tangible return)
the exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposed usual motivate the exchange

Front 72

(when someone gives to someone else, expecting a fair and tangible return)
the exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposed usual motivate the exchange?

Back 72

balanced reciprocity

Front 73

negative reciprocity?

Back 73

(the exchange of goods and services where each party intends to profit from the exchange, often at the expense of the other)
exchange motivated by the desire to obtain products, in which the parties try to gain al the material goods they can

Front 74

(the exchange of goods and services where each party intends to profit from the exchange, often at the expense of the other)
exchange motivated by the desire to obtain products, in which the parties try to gain al the material goods they can?

Back 74

negative reciprocity

Front 75

social distance?

Back 75

the degree to which cultural norms specify that two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to each other

Front 76

the degree to which cultural norms specify that two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to each other?

Back 76

social distance

Front 77

tribute?

Back 77

goods (typically including food) rendered to an authority such as a chief

Front 78

goods (typically including food) rendered to an authority such as a chief?

Back 78

tribute

Front 79

market globalization?

Back 79

the process by which capital, technology, products, and services cross national boundaries at prices largely determined by global supply and demand

Front 80

the process by which capital, technology, products, and services cross national boundaries at prices largely determined by global supply and demand?

Back 80

market globalization

Front 81

inequality?

Back 81

the degree to which individuals, groups, and categories differ in their access to rewards

Front 82

the degree to which individuals, groups, and categories differ in their access to rewards?

Back 82

inequality

Front 83

egalitarian society?

Back 83

a form of society in which there is little inequality in access to culturally valued rewards

Front 84

a form of society in which there is little inequality in access to culturally valued rewards?

Back 84

egalitarian society

Front 85

ranked society?

Back 85

(ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from the chief, the closer you are to the chief, the more status you have)
a form of society in which there are a fixed number of statuses that carry prestige, and only certain individuals are eligible to attain these statuses

Front 86

(ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from the chief, the closer you are to the chief, the more status you have)
a form of society in which there are a fixed number of statuses that carry prestige, and only certain individuals are eligible to attain these statuses?

Back 86

ranked society

Front 87

stratified society?

Back 87

( society in which competing groups have unequal access to power and/or resources)
a form of society with marked and usually heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige; inequality is based mainly on unequal access to productive and valued resources

Front 88

( society in which competing groups have unequal access to power and/or resources)
a form of society with marked and usually heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige; inequality is based mainly on unequal access to productive and valued resources?

Back 88

stratified society

Front 89

class?

Back 89

a system of stratification in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed

Front 90

a system of stratification in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed?

Back 90

class

Front 91

caste?

Back 91

a system of stratification in which membership in a stratum is in theory hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact or relationships between members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, or prohibitions

Front 92

a system of stratification in which membership in a stratum is in theory hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact or relationships between members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, or prohibitions?

Back 92

caste

Front 93

income?

Back 93

the value of what is earned during a given period of time, usually figured on an annual basis

Front 94

the value of what is earned during a given period of time, usually figured on an annual basis?

Back 94

income

Front 95

wealth?

Back 95

ownership of or acces to valued material goods and to the natural and human resources needed to produce those goods OR the total value of all property owned less the amount of debt owed

Front 96

ownership of or acces to valued material goods and to the natural and human resources needed to produce those goods OR the total value of all property owned less the amount of debt owed?

Back 96

wealth

Front 97

prestige

Back 97

the respect, esteem, and overt approval other members of a group grant to individuals they consider meritorious

Front 98

the respect, esteem, and overt approval other members of a group grant to individuals they consider meritorious?

Back 98

prestige

Front 99

power?

Back 99

the ability to make others do what you want based on coercion or legitimate authority

Front 100

the ability to make others do what you want based on coercion or legitimate authority?

Back 100

power

Front 101

simple bands?

Back 101

independent political units, often consisting of little more than an extended family, with informal leadership vested in one of the older family members

Front 102

independent political units, often consisting of little more than an extended family, with informal leadership vested in one of the older family members?

Back 102

simple bands

Front 103

composite bands?

Back 103

independent political units consisting of several extended families that live together for most or all of the year

Front 104

independent political units consisting of several extended families that live together for most or all of the year?

Back 104

composite bands

Front 105

big men?

Back 105

political leaders who do not occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence, not authority

Front 106

political leaders who do not occupy formal offices and whose leadership is based on influence, not authority?

Back 106

big men

Front 107

influence?

Back 107

the ability to convince people that they should act as you suggest

Front 108

the ability to convince people that they should act as you suggest?

Back 108

influence

Front 109

authority?

Back 109

the recognized right of an individual to command another person to act in a particular way; legitimate power

Front 110

the recognized right of an individual to command another person to act in a particular way; legitimate power?

Back 110

authority

Front 111

tribe?

Back 111

an autonomous political unit that encompasses a number of distinct, geographically dispersed communities that are held together by sodalities

Front 112

an autonomous political unit that encompasses a number of distinct, geographically dispersed communities that are held together by sodalities?

Back 112

tribe

Front 113

sodalities?

Back 113

(non-kin group organized for a specific purpose (economic, cultural, or other), and frequently spanning villages or towns)
formal institutions that cross-cut communities and serve to unite geographically scattered groups

Front 114

(non-kin group organized for a specific purpose (economic, cultural, or other), and frequently spanning villages or towns)
formal institutions that cross-cut communities and serve to unite geographically scattered groups?

Back 114

sodalities

Front 115

chiefdom?

Back 115

(a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy)
a centralized political system with authority vested in formal, usually hereditary, offices or titles

Front 116

(a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy)
a centralized political system with authority vested in formal, usually hereditary, offices or titles?

Back 116

chiefdom

Front 117

state?

Back 117

an organized community living under a unified political system, the government

Front 118

an organized community living under a unified political system, the government?

Back 118

state

Front 119

social control?

Back 119

mechanisms by which behavior is constrained and directed into acceptable channels, thus maintaining conformity

Front 120

mechanisms by which behavior is constrained and directed into acceptable channels, thus maintaining conformity?

Back 120

social control

Front 121

law?

Back 121

a kind of social control characterized by authority, intention of universal application, obligation, and sanction

Front 122

a kind of social control characterized by authority, intention of universal application, obligation, and sanction?

Back 122

law

Front 123

self-help legal system?

Back 123

informal legal systems in societies that have no centralized political systems, in which authorities who settle disputes are defined by the circumstances of the case

Front 124

informal legal systems in societies that have no centralized political systems, in which authorities who settle disputes are defined by the circumstances of the case?

Back 124

self-help legal system

Front 125

court legal systems?

Back 125

systems in which authority for settling disputes and punishing crimes is formally vested in a single individual or group

Front 126

systems in which authority for settling disputes and punishing crimes is formally vested in a single individual or group?

Back 126

court legal systems

Front 127

courts of mediation?

Back 127

court systems in which the sanctions imposed are designed more ro restore harmonious relations between parties than to punish

Front 128

court systems in which the sanctions imposed are designed more ro restore harmonious relations between parties than to punish?

Back 128

courts of mediation

Front 129

courts of regulation?

Back 129

court systems that use codified laws, with formally prescribed rights, duties, and sanctions

Front 130

court systems that use codified laws, with formally prescribed rights, duties, and sanctions?

Back 130

courts of regulation

Front 131

what is the principal organizational element in most cultures?

Back 131

kinship

Front 132

in what culture is it not true that kinship is the principal organizational element?

Back 132

america

Front 133

corporate group?

Back 133

Lasts longer than an individual’s life span and maintains an estate

Front 134

Lasts longer than an individual’s life span and maintains an estate?

Back 134

corporate group

Front 135

What kind of group does UMass Amherst fall into?

Back 135

corporate

Front 136

action group?

Back 136

Tends to be task specific and does not last a generation
Access to membership often follows definable rule
Requires continuing interaction with membership

Front 137

Tends to be task specific and does not last a generation
Access to membership often follows definable rule
Requires continuing interaction with membership
?

Back 137

action group

Front 138

what kind of group does intramural sports fall into?

Back 138

action group

Front 139

what group does lineage fall into?

Back 139

corporate unilineal descent

Front 140

what group does kin fall into?

Back 140

corporate unilineal descent

Front 141

what group does kindred fall into?

Back 141

action group bilateral descent

Front 142

parallel cousins?

Back 142

offspring of siblings of the same sex

Front 143

offspring of siblings of the same sex?

Back 143

parallel cousins

Front 144

Cross cousins?

Back 144

offspring of siblings of opposite sex

Front 145

offspring of siblings of opposite sex?

Back 145

cross cousins

Front 146

how many age sex combinations are there?

Back 146

7

Front 147

what are the 7 age sex combination?

Back 147

infant
boy
girl
adult man
adult woman
elderly man
elderly woman

Front 148

characteristics of simple societies?

Back 148

relative lack of specialized organizations
social units are largely self sufficient
predominance of particularism (who you are)
role relationships are ascribed (recognized, official) and unchanging
extended family and wider king groups are important units
not much central control

Front 149

characteristics of complex societies?

Back 149

lot of specialized social units
not much self sufficiency
accent on independence
predominance of universalism (best person for the job)
poles are largely achieved and change through time
nuclear family is important unit
increased central control

Front 150

what is not legitimated by society?

Back 150

power

Front 151

functionalist theory?

Back 151

political systems exist to provide internal order and external defense

Front 152

political systems exist to provide internal order and external defense?

Back 152

functionalist theory

Front 153

conflict theory?

Back 153

conflict between classes (haves and have-nots), exploitation of the powerless by the powerful

Front 154

conflict between classes (haves and have-nots), exploitation of the powerless by the powerful?

Back 154

conflict theory

Front 155

what are variables in political systems?

Back 155

kinship
population
mode of livelihood
control over land
Incidence and function of organized force (affects sociocultural integration)
Mystical values associated with political office

Front 156

in what kind of societies do we find relative equality?

Back 156

egalitarian

Front 157

characteristics of emergent leadership?

Back 157

Not appointed, elected, or result of kinship
they emerge because they are capable
Complex undertakings not legitimized by authority
Band level (emergent hunter leader)

Front 158

characteristics of hereditary leadership?

Back 158

not easily subject to change

Front 159

characteristics of elected leadership?

Back 159

Not as stable as hereditary
Not as dynamic and changeable as emergent

Front 160

what kind of kinship system is the american system?

Back 160

bilateral

Front 161

What does it mean that the American kinship system is "pushed to the wall" by other institutions?

Back 161

kinship is separate from other institutions

Front 162

What is the fundamental characteristic of the American system of terms for kinsmen?

Back 162

the use of alternate terms

Front 163

Why do American use possessive pronouns alongside alternate terms?

Back 163

the indicate the order of the kin

Front 164

Describe Sandy's "cross cultural correlation" study of women and public female power?

Back 164

looks at status of women across cultures
understand female status is public domain and understand women's labor

Front 165

What is Sanday's conclusion regarding the relationship between female status, authority, and power?

Back 165

women have power over goods, but no authority over people.

Front 166

According to Sanday, female status may imply ___ , but female ___ does not imply ___

Back 166

power, power, authority

Front 167

Why in some societies do women contribute more to subsistence activities but have no status?

Back 167

female labor is not valued as much as male labor

Front 168

In Sanday's article, how do women achieve economic and/or political power?

Back 168

controlling resources
participating in economic activities
participating in politics

Front 169

What kind of people are the Koyfar and where do they live?

Back 169

agriculturists living in Nigeria

Front 170

Do women hold institutionalized roles in Koyfar society?

Back 170

no, they don't hold political office, participate in performances, or own land

Front 171

What are examples of "women's weapons" in Koyfar society?

Back 171

home life
liquidity of assets
control of value goods
freedom to move between marriage

Front 172

Do women have low or high status in Koyfar society?

Back 172

high

Front 173

According to Netting, what are the most important factors in the division of labor in Koyfar society?

Back 173

women have large control over their labor, men and women do the same tasks

Front 174

How do Koyfar males assert their claim to social superiority?

Back 174

religion and medicine

Front 175

who claims that the nuclear family is found in every society?

Back 175

murdoch

Front 176

maternal dyad?

Back 176

A residential unit composed of a mother and one or more children

Front 177

A residential unit composed of a mother and one or more children?

Back 177

maternal dyad

Front 178

Who thinks that families are formed by dyads?

Back 178

Adams

Front 179

According to Suttles, why do local Northwest Coast Indian groups experience occasional shortages of food?

Back 179

different foods are produced in different places along the coast, food quantities vary in these places year to year

Front 180

What is Suttles's definition of potlatch?

Back 180

an occasion when a host invite members of other communities to the host community to receive gifts of wealth to validate changes of status and exercise inherited privileges

Front 181

According to Suttles, what does potlatch create a link between?

Back 181

food, wealth, and high status

Front 182

What comes from sharing food?

Back 182

high status

Front 183

what establishes territory and access to resources among the Northwest Coast Indians?

Back 183

potlatch

Front 184

what is the principle difference between the corporate group and the action group?

Back 184

a corporate group lasts beyond a persons lifetime and does not require continuing interaction for membership

Front 185

who takes a more extreme view on the economic function of potlatch?

Back 185

piddlocke

Front 186

who studied the kwakiutl?

Back 186

piddlocke

Front 187

who did piddlocke study?

Back 187

the kwakiutl

Front 188

what is piddlocke's basic explanation for the existence of potlatch?

Back 188

due to the regional variation in food production, food could be exchanged for wealth. the potlatch redistributed the wealth in order to continue the exchange of food.

Front 189

according to piddlocke, did the kwakiutl have an abundance of food?

Back 189

no. as a whole, they had food. but individual groups often suffered shortages. without the distribution of food from the wealthy to the poor, the poor would have starved.

Front 190

according to piddlocke, what was potlatch defined to?

Back 190

chiefs

Front 191

according to piddlocke, what could food be exchanged for?

Back 191

wealth objects (blankets, slaves, canoes)

Front 192

according to piddlocke, what directly motivated potlatching?

Back 192

the desire for prestige and status among chiefs

Front 193

basic unit of kwakiutl society?

Back 193

numaym

Front 194

numaym?

Back 194

basic unit of kwakiutl society

Front 195

what is the basic outline of potlatch?

Back 195

A suffers a food shortage
A gives B blankets
B has increased wealth
B can give more wealth to A
B has more prestige

Front 196

what is the american kinship system marked by?

Back 196

bilateral descent

Front 197

bilateral descent?

Back 197

the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth

Front 198

the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth?

Back 198

bilateral descent

Front 199

what are the basic kin groups in america?

Back 199

nuclear family and kindred

Front 200

according to schneider and homans, what is marriage?

Back 200

monogamous and neolocal residence

Front 201

according to schneider and homans, does a man get political or other office through kinship ties?

Back 201

no

Front 202

what people have age villages?

Back 202

the nyakyusa

Front 203

who marries the earliest in nyakyusa villages: the men or the women?

Back 203

the women

Front 204

what do age villages prevent?

Back 204

incest (put fathers in one village and sons in another)

Front 205

need for achievement?

Back 205

an individual's desire for significant accomplishment, mastering of skills, control, or high standards.

Front 206

an individual's desire for significant accomplishment, mastering of skills, control, or high standards?

Back 206

need for achievement

Front 207

examples of need for achievement?

Back 207

Parents who encouraged independence in childhood
Praise and rewards for success
Association of achievement with positive feelings
Association of achievement with one's own competence and effort, not luck
A desire to be effective or challenged
Intrapersonal Strength
Desirability
Feasibility
Goal Setting Abilities

Front 208

three elements of the circumscription theory?

Back 208

environment, population, warfare

Front 209

summarize the circumscription theory?

Back 209

areas of limited agricultural land
population pressure led to warfare
resulted in the evolution of the state

Front 210

what happens to losers of war if there is no environmental circumscription?

Back 210

they migrate and settle elsewhere

Front 211

what happens to losers of war if there is environmental circumscription?

Back 211

they can not migrate and must submit to their conquerors and join their population

Front 212

what kind of land is described by environmental circumscription?

Back 212

land that can not be settled (mountains, deserts, etc.)