Anthro 104 1

Front 1

what is anthropology?

Back 1

the field that studies all people

Front 2

what are the 5 subfields of anthropology?

Back 2

physical/biological
archaeology
cultural
anthropological linguistics
applied

Front 3

what does physical/biological anthropology study?

Back 3

evolution of the human species
behavior and anatomy of monkeys and apes
physical variations among and between human groups

Front 4

what are the subfields of physical/biological anthropology?

Back 4

paleoanthropology
primatology
human variation

Front 5

what is the focus of paleoanthropology?

Back 5

understanding how and why humans evolved from prehuman, apelike ancestors

Front 6

what is the focus of primatology?

Back 6

evolution, anatomy, adaptation, and social behavior or primates

Front 7

what is the focus of human variation anthropology?

Back 7

measure and explain the differences/similarities among the world's peoples in physical/anatomical characteristics

Front 8

what does archaeology study?

Back 8

the human past (through excavations and analysis of the material remains left behind by past peoples)

Front 9

what does prehistoric archaeology study?

Back 9

people who kept no written records of their activities, customs, and beliefs

Front 10

what does historic archaeology do?

Back 10

supplement written materials with excavations of houses, stores, plantations, factories, and other historic structures

Front 11

what do contract archeologists do?

Back 11

bid competitively for the privilege of locating, excavating, and reporting on sites affected or destroyed by construction

Front 12

what is a written account of how a single human population lives?

Back 12

ethnography

Front 13

what is an ethnography?

Back 13

a written account of how a single human population lives

Front 14

what does anthropological linguistics study?

Back 14

the complex relationships between language and other aspects of human behavior and thought

Front 15

what are the three anthropological perspectives?

Back 15

holistic
comparative
relativistic

Front 16

what is the holistic perspective?

Back 16

no single aspect of a human community can be understood without exploring its relationships to other aspects of the community's total way of life

Front 17

what is the perspective that says that no single aspect of a human community can be understood without exploring its relationships to other aspects of the community's total way of life?

Back 17

the holistic perspective

Front 18

what is the comparative perspective?

Back 18

the ways of life of people in different times and places are far too diverse for any theory to be accepted until the theorist has considered a range of human groups

Front 19

what is the perspective that says that the ways of life of people in different times and places are far too diverse for any theory to be accepted until the theorist has considered a range of human groups?

Back 19

the comparative perspective

Front 20

what is the relativistic perspective?

Back 20

no culture is inherently superior or inferior to any other

Front 21

what is the perspective that says that no culture is inherently superior or inferior to any other?

Back 21

the relativistic perspective

Front 22

what is ethnocentrism?

Back 22

the belief that the moral standards, manners, attitudes, etc, of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures

Front 23

what is the belief that the moral standards, manners, attitudes, etc, of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures?

Back 23

ethnocentrism

Front 24

what is cultural identity?

Back 24

the cultural tradition a group of people recognize as their own
the shared customers and beliefs that define how a group sees itself as distinctive

Front 25

what is society?

Back 25

a territorially distinct and largely self perpetuating group whose members have a sense of collective identity and who share common language and culture

Front 26

what is a territorially distinct and largely self perpetuating group whose members have a sense of collective identity and who share common language and culture?

Back 26

society

Front 27

what is enculturation?

Back 27

the transmission of culture to succeeding generations by means of social learning

Front 28

what is the transmission of culture to succeeding generations by means of social learning?

Back 28

enculturation

Front 29

what are patterns of behavior?

Back 29

the behaviors that most people perform when they are in certain culturally defined situations

Front 30

what are the behaviors that most people perform when they are in certain culturally defined situations?

Back 30

patterns of behavior

Front 31

what is a role?

Back 31

a social position in a group, with its associated and reciprocal rights and duties

Front 32

what is a social position in a group, with its associated and reciprocal rights and duties?

Back 32

a role

Front 33

what is a norm?

Back 33

shared ideas and expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations?

Front 34

what are shared ideas and expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations?

Back 34

norms

Front 35

what are values?

Back 35

shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles

Front 36

what are shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles?

Back 36

values

Front 37

what are symbols?

Back 37

objects, behaviors, etc. whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities

Front 38

what are objects, behaviors, etc. whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities?

Back 38

symbols

Front 39

what are cultural constructions?

Back 39

the ways the members of a culture perceive social and natural reality and divide reality into categories that are culturally variable

Front 40

what are the ways the members of a culture perceive social and natural reality and divide reality into categories that are culturally variable?

Back 40

cultural constructions

Front 41

what is world view?

Back 41

the way a people interpret reality and events, including their images of themselves and how they relate to the world around them

Front 42

what is the way a people interpret reality and events, including their images of themselves and how they relate to the world around them?

Back 42

world view

Front 43

what is industrialism?

Back 43

the productive technology that harnesses the energy of fossil fuels to satisfy human material needs and wants

Front 44

what is the productive technology that harnesses the energy of fossil fuels to satisfy human material needs and wants?

Back 44

industrialism

Front 45

what is a band?

Back 45

a small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally

Front 46

what is a small foraging group with flexible composition that migrates seasonally?

Back 46

a band

Front 47

what is horticulture?

Back 47

a method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used

Front 48

what is a method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used?

Back 48

horticulture

Front 49

what are peasants?

Back 49

rural people who are integrated into a larger society politically and economically

Front 50

what are rural people who are integrated into a larger society politically and economically?

Back 50

peasants

Front 51

what is nomadism?

Back 51

a form of seasonal mobility, usually referring to pastoral peoples who move their livestock herds to locations with lush pastureland

Front 52

what is a form of seasonal mobility, usually referring to pastoral peoples who move their livestock herds to locations with lush pastureland?

Back 52

nomadism

Front 53

what is transhumance?

Back 53

the widespread pastoral pattern of migrating to different elevations in response to seasonal differences in temperature and pastureland

Front 54

what is the widespread pastoral pattern of migrating to different elevations in response to seasonal differences in temperature and pastureland?

Back 54

transhumance

Front 55

what is globalization of production?

Back 55

the process in which companies located in one country relocate their production facilities to other countries to reduce costs and be more competitive

Front 56

what is the process in which companies located in one country relocate their production facilities to other countries to reduce costs and be more competitive?

Back 56

globalization of production

Front 57

what is unilineal evolution?

Back 57

the nineteenth century theoretical orientation that held that all cultures pass through a similar sequence of stages in their development

Front 58

what is the nineteenth century theoretical orientation that held that all cultures pass through a similar sequence of stages in their development?

Back 58

unilineal evolution

Front 59

what is historical particularism?

Back 59

the theoretical orientation emphasizing that each culture is a unique result of its distinctive past

Front 60

what is the theoretical orientation emphasizing that each culture is a unique result of its distinctive past?

Back 60

historical particularism

Front 61

what is functionalism?

Back 61

the theoretical orientation that analyzes cultural elements in terms of their useful effects to individuals or to the persistence of the whole society

Front 62

what is the theoretical orientation that analyzes cultural elements in terms of their useful effects to individuals or to the persistence of the whole society?

Back 62

functionalism

Front 63

what is materialism?

Back 63

the theoretical orientation holding that the main influence of human ways of life is how people produce and distribute resources from their environment

Front 64

what is the theoretical orientation holding that the main influence of human ways of life is how people produce and distribute resources from their environment?

Back 64

materialism

Front 65

what is an idealist?

Back 65

someone who adopts the contemporary theoretical orientation that cultural knowledge and behavior patterns are largely independent of the material conditions of life

Front 66

what is someone who adopts the contemporary theoretical orientation that cultural knowledge and behavior patterns are largely independent of the material conditions of life?

Back 66

an idealist

Front 67

what is postmodernism?

Back 67

the orientation that questions the truth value of beliefs and knowledge, including those of science

Front 68

what is the orientation that questions the truth value of beliefs and knowledge, including those of science?

Back 68

postmodernism

Front 69

what does postmodernism focus on?

Back 69

how power relationships affect the creation and spread of ideas and beliefs

Front 70

what is morphology?

Back 70

the study of the units of meaning in language

Front 71

what is the study of the units of meaning in language?

Back 71

morphology

Front 72

what is a morpheme?

Back 72

a combination of phonemes that conveys a standardized meaning

Front 73

what is a combination of phonemes that conveys a standardized meaning?

Back 73

a morpheme

Front 74

what is a semantic domain?

Back 74

a class of things or properties that are perceived as alike in some fundamental respect

Front 75

what is a class of things or properties that are perceived as alike in some fundamental respect?

Back 75

a semantic domain

Front 76

what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?

Back 76

the idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and world view of its speakers

Front 77

what is the idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and world view of its speakers?

Back 77

the sapir-whorf hypothesis

Front 78

what is displacement?

Back 78

the ability for a message to be carried over space and time

Front 79

what is the ability for a message to be carried over space and time?

Back 79

displacement

Front 80

do closed call systems have displacement?

Back 80

no

Front 81

are calls mutually exclusive in a closed call system?

Back 81

yes

Front 82

what has no duality of patterning?

Back 82

a closed call system

Front 83

what can be understood across cultures?

Back 83

signs

Front 84

what can not be understood across cultures?

Back 84

symbols

Front 85

what is transformational grammar?

Back 85

abstract rules that operate at a pre-conscious level

Front 86

what are abstract rules that operate at a pre-conscious level?

Back 86

transformational grammar

Front 87

what are semantic universals?

Back 87

things (foundations) that are universal about meaning

Front 88

what are things (foundations) that are universal about meaning?

Back 88

semantic universals

Front 89

who believed in linguistic universalism?

Back 89

noam chomsky

Front 90

who believed in linguistic relativism?

Back 90

Whorf

Front 91

how is cultural knowledge different from patterns of behavior?

Back 91

knowledge is ingrained in us while behavior can be observed directly

Front 92

what is the process of cultural evolution?

Back 92

simple culture leads to complex culture

Front 93

who was a materialist?

Back 93

Harris

Front 94

who was an idealist?

Back 94

douglas

Front 95

what did Bachofen write?

Back 95

evolution of species

Front 96

who wrote evolution of species?

Back 96

bachofen

Front 97

who produced a definition of culture?

Back 97

tylor

Front 98

what did tylor do?

Back 98

produce a definition of culture

Front 99

what kind of evolutionist was morgan?

Back 99

a unievolutionist

Front 100

what three categories did morgan put people in?

Back 100

savagery
barbarism
civilization

Front 101

who is the father of american anthropology?

Back 101

boas

Front 102

boas was a ________ __________

Back 102

historical particularist

Front 103

who was a historical particularist?

Back 103

boas

Front 104

who were early functionalists?

Back 104

durkheim and spencer

Front 105

what did vanngannep write?

Back 105

rights of passage

Front 106

who wrote rights of passage?

Back 106

vanngannep

Front 107

what is soft?

Back 107

qualitative

Front 108

what is qualitative?

Back 108

soft

Front 109

what is hard?

Back 109

quantitative

Front 110

what is quantitative?

Back 110

hard