Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Adaptive Strategies
|
Describes a society's system of economic production
|
|
|
Adaptive strategies: Foraging
|
-Hunting/gathering
-Europeans viewed it as "lesser" b/c of their concepts of property/time/work/morality |
|
|
Correlates of foraging
|
-Band society (fewer than 100 people)
-Nuclear family -Relatively egalitarian -Social distinctions based on age |
|
|
Adaptive strategies: Horticulture
|
-Non-intensive use of land
-Slash and burn techniques -Shifting --> no permanent residence -Basic technologies -Ex: Kuikuru (South America) |
|
|
Adaptive strategies: Agriculture
|
-Intensive/continuous use of land
-Domesticated animals (means of production) -Irrigation/terracing -Labor intensive |
|
|
Adaptive strategies: Pastoralism
|
-Focus on domesticated animals as food
-Symbiotic relationships to herds -Movement oriented |
|
|
Nomadism
|
-The entire group moves with the herd throughout the year
-Basseri people of Iran |
|
|
Transhumance
|
-Part of the group moves with the herds, but the rest stays behind in the home village
|
|
|
The market principle
|
-Items are bought/sold
-Bargaining |
|
|
The redistribution principle
|
-Dominated by central power
-Goods/services move from local level to center -Cherokee (p. 251 in WOH) |
|
|
Generalized Reciprocity
|
-Someone gives to another without expecting something in return
-Parents to children |
|
|
Balanced Reciprocity
|
-Members of exchange still have a social tie, but giver expects something in return
|
|
|
Negative Reciprocity
|
-No social tie exists yet
-Attempt to get something for as little as possible |
|
|
Potlatching
|
-Festive event within a regional exchange
-North Pacific Coast of North America -Sponsors give away food, blankets, etc. in exchange for prestige -Prestige increased with lavishness -Typically foragers **Cultural adaptations to alternating periods of local abundance and shortage |
|
|
Profit Motive
|
-Goal of maximizing material benefits
|
|
|
Matrilocal
|
Newly married couple lives with bride's family
|
|
|
Patrilocal
|
Newly married couple lives with groom's family
|
|
|
Neolocal
|
Newly married couple lives away from either family
|
|
|
Matrilineal Descent
|
Traced through mother/women
|
|
|
Patrilineal Descent
|
Traced through father/men
|
|
|
Patriarchy
|
Men hold prestige
|
|
|
Matriarchy
|
Women hold prestige
|
|
|
Exogamy
|
The process of seeking a mate outside of one's own social group
|
|
|
Endogamy
|
Marrying within one's own social group
|
|
|
Polygyny
|
When a man has more than one wife
|
|
|
Polyandry
|
When a woman has more than one husband
|
|
|
Serial monogamy
|
-When people have more than one spouse, but never more than one at a time
-Divorce and remarriage |
|
|
Bridewealth
|
-Gift from husband's family to wife's family
-Compensates for her missing service to her family |
|
|
Dowry
|
Wife's family gives a gift to the husband's family to account for her being a "burden" on him
|
|
|
Bride service
|
Work/service done by a groom for his wife's family (set period of time)
|
|
|
Affinal Relatives
|
Related by marriage
|
|
|
Consanguineal Relatives
|
Related by blood
|
|
|
Levirate customs
|
If the husband dies, the widow may marry his brother
|
|
|
Sororate customs
|
If the wife dies, the widower may marry another woman in her social group
|
|
|
Family of procreation
|
Spouse, children
|
|
|
Family of orientation
|
Parents, siblings
|
|
|
Lineal
|
-Only the people directly above/below the ego in a kinship chart
-Parents, children, grandparents |
|
|
Generational
|
One term for all males and one term for all females of each given generation
|
|
|
Bifurcate merging
|
Same kinship word for mother/mother's sisters and father/father's brothers
|
|
|
Bifurcate collateral
|
Everyone has a different kinship term
|
|
|
Parallel cousins
|
-Mother's sisters' children
-Father's brothers' children |
|
|
Cross cousins
|
-Mother's brothers' children
-Father's sisters' children |
|
|
Power
|
The ability to exercise one's will over others
|
|
|
Authority
|
The socially approved use of power
|
|
|
Bands
|
-Kinship based
-Small (fewer than 100 people) -No formal law or figurehead for conflict resolution (conflicts typically go to the male head of individual nuclear families) -Head male leads by example |
|
|
Tribe
|
-Leader = Big Man
-Regulator of regional events -Achieved status -Village membership based on kinship -Horticulturists -Informal enforcement |
|
|
Chiefdoms
|
-Idea of office introduced (permanent position that must always be filled)
-Kinship still a central role -Social status based on seniority of descent -Permanent regulation of a territory -May regulate thousands of people -Unequal allocation of power/wealth/prestige |
|
|
State
|
-Conflict resolution = laws and police
-Stratification (social, fiscal, etc.) -Population control -Judiciary system -Law enforcement (formal) -Fiscal systems (taxation) |
|
|
Ascribed status
|
-Status with which one is born (age, royalty, etc.)
|
|
|
Achieved status
|
-Status toward which one must work (parenthood, big man, etc.)
|
|
|
Institutions found in states
|
-Fiscal system
-Law enforcement -Population control -Judiciary system |
|
|
Vertical mobility
|
An upward/downward change in a person's social status
|
|
|
Caste system
|
Closed, hereditary systems of stratification that are often dictated by religion
|
|
|
Slavery
|
People who are conquered or stolen from their homelands become someone else's property
|
|
|
Shamanism
|
-Animism (belief in spirits of everything)
-Part-time practitioner (shaman) |
|
|
Monotheism
|
One deity
|
|
|
Communal
|
-Multiple spirits/deities that influence nature
-Harvest festivals, rain dances, etc. (nature-based) |
|
|
Olympian
|
-Full-time priests
-Pantheon of gods; priests try to keep them happy -Polytheistic |
|
|
Rites of Passage: Stages
|
1. Separation
2. Liminality (people exist outside of ordinary distinctions; cut off from normal society; in between stage) 3. Incorporation |
|
|
Sacred vs. Profane
|
Sacred = interests of the group
Profane = individual interests Not necessarily good/evil |
|
|
Animism
|
-Belief in spiritual beings
-Sir Edward Burnett Tylor founded anthropology of religion -Arose from an attempt to explain conditions/events not explained by daily experience -Belief in the soul |
|
|
Azande Witchcraft
|
Understanding that events have explanations, but they are also the result of witchcraft
|
|
|
Mana
|
-A sacred impersonal force existing in the universe
-Like the Force in Star Wars -From the South Pacific -Can reside in people, plants, animals, or objects -Similar to efficacy or luck |
|
|
Contagious Magic
|
-Whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it
|
|
|
Imitative Magic
|
-Produces a desired effect through imitation
-Ex: Voodoo dolls |
|
|
Revitalization Movements
|
-Social movements that occur in times of change in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter or revitalize a society
-Jesus = Christianity -Handsome Lake = Iroquois |
|
|
Syncretism
|
-Blending two or more religious beliefs into one
-Trobriand cricket |
|
|
Gender Roles
|
Tasks and activities a culture assigns to the sexes
|
|
|
Gender stereotypes
|
Oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females
|
|
|
Gender Stratification
|
Describes an unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy
|
|
|
Domestic/Public Dichotomy
|
-Strong differentiation between the home and the outside world
|
|
|
Extra-domestic labor
|
Work outside the home; pertaining to or within the public domain
|
|
|
Feminization of Poverty
|
Unequal distribution and access to resources
|
|
|
Glass Ceiling
|
Barrier keeping women out of a world they can see; breakable, but difficult to escape
|
|
|
Sexual orientation vs. gender
|
-Sexual orientation - a person's habitual attraction to, and sexual activities with, people of the same sex, the opposite sex, both sexes, or nobody
-Gender - roles based on sex |
|
|
Matriarchy
|
-Men and women viewed as cooperative partners
-Not a mirror image of patriarchy |
|
|
Patriarchy
|
Political system in which women have inferior social and political status
|
|
|
Globalizing forces of modernity
|
-Industrial revolution --> from "tradition" to "modernity"
-Industrial growth and colonization -Imperialism |
|
|
Bourgeois
|
Owners of the factories, mines, large farms, or other means of production
|
|
|
Proletariat
|
Working class; made up of people who had to sell their labor to survive
|
|
|
communism (lowercase c)
|
Describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good
|
|
|
Communism (uppercase c)
|
-Political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and to establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the USSR from 1917 to 1991
-All were authoritarian, many were totalitarian |
|
|
"Indigenous peoples"
|
The original inhabitants of their territories; culturally distinct
|
|
|
Intervention Philosophy
|
An ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions
|
|
|
Neoliberalism
|
-Laissez-faire economy as the basis of capitalism
-Would be considered conservatism today -"Trickle down" effect |
|
|
Industrialization: England vs. France
|
-England - exploding population demanded increased in speed of production; industrial revolution started
-France - no need to transform domestic manufacturing system by industrializing |
|
|
Core
|
-Geographic center
-Dominant position in the world system -Strongest and most powerful nations -Control over world finance -U.S., Japan, etc. |
|
|
Semiperiphery
|
-Intermediate between core and periphery
-Export both industrial goods and commodities but lack the power and economic dominance of core nations -Brazil |
|
|
Periphery
|
-Includes the world's least privileged and powerful countries
-Economic activities are less mechanized -Produces raw materials, agricultural commodities, and human labor for export to the core and the semiperiphery -Nigeria |
|
|
Cultural Imperialism
|
-Advance of certain cultural forms at the expense of others
-Modification, replacement, destroying of one culture by another |
|
|
Essentialism
|
-Describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity was developed
|
|
|
Postmodernity
|
-Historical condition of flux, uncertainty, movement, nomadism
|
|
|
Postmodern
|
Refers to the blurring and breakdown of essential canons, categories, distinctions, and boundaries
|
|
|
Postmodernism
|
-Postmodernism: a tyle and movement in architecture that succeeded modernism, beginning in the 1970s
-"messier, more playful" -draws on a diversity of styles |
|
|
Public vs. Private Transcription
|
-Private = hidden
-Open, accepted interactions between the powerful and the oppressed -Critique of power by the oppressed that goes on “offstage” and out of sight of those in power |
|
|
Reverse ethnography
|
“… Our cage became a blank screen onto which audiences projected their fantasies of who and what we are. As we assumed the stereotypical role of the domesticated savage, many audience members felt entitled to assume the role of colonizer, only to find themselves uncomfortable with the implications of the game..”
|
|
|
1904 St. Louis World's Fair
|
-Displayed people from US territories (Guam, etc.) as "primitive"
-Kept people on display |
|
|
Decolonization
|
-Turned the focus of people as objects to people as subjects
|
|
|
Environmental Racism
|
Discrimination based on:
-Differential enforcement of environmental rules -Targeting minority communities for waste disposal -Exclusion from public/private boards, regulatory commissions, etc. |
|
|
Polaroid Anti-Domestic Violence Campaign
|
-1997
-Digital photographic evidence of abuse leads to decrease in domestic violence |
|
|
Kiva microlending program
|
-"Investing in the individual"
-Allows people to loan as little as $25 to individuals in need all around the world -Non profit |
|
|
Imagining tourism
|
-Decolonization and Jamaica’s incorporation into the World System after WWII
-Examples: Milk, Bananas, “The Kingston Free Zone” |
|
|
Post-Socialism (results)
|
-Increased unemployment, loss of safety net after 1989 in former Soviet Union/ Bloc
Sharp Generational divisions -New Conditions Diasporic communities -Offspring of an area that have spread to many places -Lingering Ecological Disasters |
|
|
Biological citizenship
|
A demand for, but limited access to, a form of social welfare based on medical, scientific, and legal criteria that recognize injury and compensate for it.
|
|
|
Zone of exclusion
|
-High radiation zone
-Workers in this zone got paid highly at the cost of their health |
