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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Animism
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The earliest form of religion, was a belief in spiritual beings
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Cargo Cults
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Revitalization movements that may emerge when traditional communities have regular contact with industrial societies but lack their wealth, technology, and living standards
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Communal Religions
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- In addition to shamanic cults - have communal cults in which people organize community rituals such as harvest ceremonies and rites of passage.
- Polytheistic; their adherents believe in several deities who control aspects of nature - Typically associated with farming societies - e.g. tribes, chiefdoms etc... |
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Communitas
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Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness
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Leveling Mechanism
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Custom or social action that operates to reduce status difference.
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Liminality
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The critically important marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage.
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Magic
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Use of supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims.
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Imitative Magic
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Magicians produce desired effect by imitating it
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Contagious magic
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Whatever is done to object believed to affect person who once had contact with that object
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Mana
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Sacred impersonal force that can reside in people, animals, plants, and objects.
In Polynesia, Mana attached to political offices. Bodies and possessions of high chiefs were taboo. |
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Monotheism
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Worship of a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being
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Olympian Religions
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- Polytheistic with powerful anthropomorphic gods.
- Permanent priesthood. - Pantheon of gods is hierarchical. - Associated with chiefdoms and archaic (non-industrial) states |
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Polytheism
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Belief in multiple gods
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Religion
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Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces
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Revitalization Movements
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Movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter or revitalize a society. Christianity = revitalization.
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Rites of Passage
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Culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another.
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Rituals
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Behaviour that is formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotyped, performed earnestly as a social act.
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Shaman
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A part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary people and supernatural beings and forces. Sometimes different or ambiguos sex or gender role.
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Taboo
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Prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions.
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Malinowski
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People turn to magic as means of control when they face uncertainty and danger
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Trobriander Islanders
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Used magic only in situations they could not control
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Totemism
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A system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship with a spirit-being/totem. Totem = animal, plant, or geographical feature. Totem associated with descent group.
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Wallace - 4 Types of Religion
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- Shamanic
- Communal - Olympian - Monotheistic |
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Religious Effervescence
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Collective emotional intensity generated by worship
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Tylor's Evolution of Religion (Three Stages)
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1. Animism
2. Then Polytheism 3. Finally Monotheism |
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Shamanic Religion
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- Simplest type
- Has a shaman - Typically associated with foragers |
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Monotheistic Religion
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- All supernatural phenomena under control of single supreme being
- Priesthoods - Typically associated with states, but spread through conversions - Robert Bellah: "world-rejecting religion" |
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Sympathetic Magic
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Achieve similar success magically by mimicking European behaviour and manipulating symbols
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