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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Bones NOT NOT NOT along the midline of the body- arms & legs
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Cortical Bone
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Compact tissue that forms the outside of the bone
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Occipital Bun
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Bony area at the back of cranium that forms a round, bunlike shape
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Occipital Torus
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Bony area at the back of cranium that forms a protruding point
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Lamellar Bone
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Spongy/honeycomb tissue that comprises the interior of bone
SAME AS TRABECULAR BONE |
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Bioarchaeology
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Study of people through examining their bones
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Sex Determination Techniques
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based on SIZE- robusticity, length, ruggedness
SHAPE- functionally determined shapes (ex. pelvis) Typically uses pelvis or cranium |
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Age Determination Techniques
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Extent of Ossification:
-Epiphyseal Fusion= End of long bones where they fuse with the socket -Structure Closure= when cranial bones fuse with age -Tooth Eruption= look at teeth -Rates of bone erosion-> Suchey Brooks Method -Ridges dec. rimming inc. bony modules inc. -Face becomes more concave -Tooth wear |
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Antemortem
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Anything that happens before death
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Periodontal Disease
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Indicated by bone infection and loss
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Indicators of Tuberculosis
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-HOLES IN BONE
-COLLAPSED VERTEBRAE -FUSED VERTEBRAE |
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Indicators of Knife Wounds
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Large cuts, nicks in bone
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Indicators of Blunt Force Trauma
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Depressions of bone with radiating fractures
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Indicator of Choking
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Broken HYOID HYOID HYOID bone
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Postmortem
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Things that occur after death
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Perimortem
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Anything that potentially contributed to death
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Fractures
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Indicated by evidence of bone healing
-Two parts of the same bone that do not line up correctly -EXTRA bone in fracture-prone areas |
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Stellate Scars
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Areas of bone that have a cottage cheese like appearance
INDICATE TREPONEMAL diseases |
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Porotic Hyperostosis
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Bone lesions on top of cranium and in eye orbits
indicates ION-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA |
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Periostitis
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Bone inflammation in EXTERNAL areas of bone
indicates INFECTION |
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Osteitis
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Bone inflammation in INTERNAL areas of bone
indicates INFECTION |
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Osteophytes
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EXTRA bony areas (spicules of bone)
indicate OSTEOARTHRITIS |
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Eburnation
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Area of polished bone
indicates OSTEOARTHRIITIS |
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Dental Enamel Hypoplasias
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Changes in the way enamel is laid down in teeth that shows up as pits, furrows, or grooves
indicates DIETARY STRESS |
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K-Selection Theory
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aka Child Rearing Theory
Natural Selection FAVORS MENOPAUSE- live 12-15 years past reproductivity to take care of offspring |
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Heterochrony Theory
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Result of EXTENDED LIVESPAN, reproductivity has not caught up
opposite of K-selection |
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Grandmother Hypothesis
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So women can take care of offspring's offspring and last born offspring
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Mother Hypothesis
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Live long enough to take care of last offspring
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Lactose Tolerance
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Ability to produce lactase enzyme
PASTORAL CULTURES are lactose tolerant |
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Short/Long term adaptations to high altitude
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INCREASED INCREASED INCREASED:
RESPIRATION LUNG capacity RED BLOOD CELL production HEART size PERMANENT PERM PERM EFFECTS: DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASED CHEST SIZE |
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Vitamin D
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-Helps bones absorb calcium and mineralize, Sun is primary source
-WHITER people absorb MORE sun--> MORE VITAMIN D |
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Skin Pigmentation
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-Hemoglobin= Pinkish Color
-Carotene= Yellowish Color -Melanin= Brownish Color UV radiation DEPLETES VITAMIN B DEPLETES VITAMIN B Black people are black to prevent depletion-more melanin |
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Mendelian recessive trait
-Blood cells are DESTROYED, NOT enough O2 to organs in body -Selectively FAVORED where MALARIA is prevalent |
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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7 mya in CHAD at Toros Menalla
-REDUCED PROGNATHISM in face -SMALL CANINES, PREMOLARS & MOLARS -Homonin like tooth wear -U SHAPED DENTAL arcade Mosaic environment -BIG BROW RIDGES unsure of location of foramen magnum |
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Australopithecus Africanus
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"TAUNG CHILD"
3.3-1.0 mya South Africa -LARGER face and brain that AFARENSIS -LARGE MOLARS, SMALL FRONT teeth -Habitual BIPED -Some climbing adaptations still present PRONOUNCED SEXUAL DIMORPHISM |
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Aegyptopithecus
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Oligocene Epoch (34-23 mya)
Among FAYUM fossil finds -CATARRHINE-like traits fused mandible, fully enclosed bony orbits, small orbits, facial prognatism, HAVE TAILS |
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Orrorin tugenensis
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6mya in Kenya at Tugen Hills
-Larger bodied -Small canines, premolars, molars -Large JAW -Angled femur, cortical bone thick on femur nuck -Bipedal muscle attachment to groove in femur neck -slightly curved phalange- possible arboreal movement FORESTED environment |
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Australopithecus Afarensis
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Lucy was one
3.9-3.0 mya in East Africa -large face, small brains (both smaller than africanus) -Large, thick jaw with LARGE PREMOLARS Habitual Biped: -broad short BOWL SHAPED PELVIS -Robust, ANGLED IN KNEES -footprints, straight fingers, still some climbing SEXUAL DIMORPHISM PRESENT |
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Paranthropus Robustus
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2.0-1.0 mya South Africa
ROBUST CRANIUM AND DENTAL STUFF -Orthognathic, broad face HUGE FACE! -LARGE!! LARGE Z-ARCHES, BROW RIDGES, BRAIN -Sagittal crest -THICK THICK DENTAL ENAMEL- folivorous -SIMILAR POSTCRANIA TO AUSTRALOPITHECUS Lived in FOREST AND GRASSLANDS PRONOUNCED SEXUAL DIMORPHISM |
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Paranthropus Boisei
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2.4-1.2 mya East Africa
-LARGE! LARGE broad, orthognathic face, Z-ARCHES, BROW RIDGES -Sagittal Crest -MASSIVE HUGE GINORMOUS JAW -Thick dental enamel, large premolars & molars - FOLIVOROUS Lives in Forest, lake areas OBLIGATE BIPED! OBLIGATE BIPED! with possible ancestral climbing adaptations PRONOUNCED SEXUAL DIMORPHISM |
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Ardipithecus Ramidus
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4.4mya in Ethiopia (East Africa)
Found at ARAM's site OBLIGATE BIPED! OBL. BIP! -THIN THIN THIN DENTAL ENAMEL -Flat base of cranium -large jaw -ANTERIOR ANTERIOR FORAMEN MAGNUM -Arms NOT NOT NOT NOT used for locomotion Forested environment |
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Homo habilis
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2.4-1.8mya East Africa
-SMALL TINY MINISCULE orthognathic face, z-arches, brow ridges -LARGER HUGE BRAIN than AUSTRALOPITHECUS & PARANTHROPUS -smaller postcanine and canines, LARGER INCISORS -OMNIVOROUS -OBLIGATE BIPEDS -Some sexual dimorphism OLDOWAN STONE TOOLS! OLDOWAN OLDOWAN OLDOWAN! |
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Homo ergaster
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"Nariokotomo Boy"
2.5-1.8mya Africa -Larger body mass -SHORTER ARMS, LONGER LEGS -BARREL BARREL BARREL shaped RIBCAGE -short broad BOWL SHAPED PELVIS -Orthognathic face -Large brow ridges and cranial capacity -HUMAN LIKE TEETH AND PROPORTIONS -OBLIGATE BIPEDS -REDUCED LESS SMALLER SEXUAL DIMORPHISM -complex habitation OLDOWAN & ACHEULIAN TOOLS!! OLDOWAN AND ACHEULIAN (pg86) |
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Homo erectus
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1.8mya-25,000ya Africa, Asia, E. Europe (86)
-Same postcranial traits as ERGASTER, LARGER BROW RIDGES -OCCIPITAL TORUS TORUS TORUS -SAGITTAL KEEL KEEL KEEL -OBLIGATE BIPED -LESS CRANIAL CAPACITY than ERGASTER, braincase sits lower POSSIBLE FIRE! ACHEULIAN ACHEULIAN ACHEULIAN TOOLS |
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Hono Neanderthalensis
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250-25Kya Europe, Near East
Short, Robust limbs and joints OBLIGATE BIPEDS Large cranial capacity and brow ridges -OCCIPITAL BUN BUN BUN BUN OCC BUN -TURBINATE! bones in nose=cold weather -MOUSTERIAN STONE TOOLS, FIRE MOUSTERIAN MOUSTERIAN TOOLS -Omnivorous- hunters Complex habitatio nsites and rituals |
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Homo sapiens
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200K-10kya Everywhere but Antarctica
-similar to humans today -VERTICAL FOREHEAD -orthognathic face -small teeth UPPER PALEOLITHIC TOOLS! UPPER PALEOLITHIC! rituals and fire |
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Axial Skeleton
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Bones along the midline of the body
CRANIUM, VERTEBRAE, PELVIS |
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Mother Infant Bond
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Baby does not let go of mother for 2 years
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HULL Site
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NE coast of England
Priory workers who helped rest of town and drank a lot 1340-1360s Dated by DENDROCHRONOLOGY & CARBON DATING BONES |
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Syphilis
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Holes in forehead area of the skull
Holes in palate between nose and mouth |
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Balanced Polymorphism
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Situation where heterozyhous condition is the most fit
Ex. Malaria with the sickle-cell trait |
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Clinical Distribution
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Distribution along a gradation
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Stratigraphy
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Based on the law of superposition-
A LOWER STRATUM (LAYER) IS OLDER THAN A HIGHER STRATUM |
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Radiocarbon Dating
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Measures the amount of CARBON 14 left in bones
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Taphonomy
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Everything that happened to an organism from TIME IT DIED UNTIL TIME IT WAS DISCOVERED
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Fluorine Analysis
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Buried bones and groundwater seepage- bones incorporate fluorine during fossilization
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Biostratigraphy
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Shows the PROGRESSION OF CHANGE through time
--look at dentition of animals |
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Tubular Ectotympanic
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OWM have it. OWM OWM OWM! OLD OLD OLD
way of classification |
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Bonobo Reproductive Behavior
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-Strong bonds, minimal competition
-PROLONGED ESTRUS -constant sexual behavior -LOW LOW LOW INFANTICIDE -believed to be because of less competition for food resources |
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Irregular Bones
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Do not fit any other category, like some bones in the skull
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Long Bones
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Long and have a shaft with 2 ends on them.
When you are done growing, the ends FUSE ON TO BONE, which makes it stop growing |
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Short Bones
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Cube shaped, like bones in wrist
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Flat Bones
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Hard outside layer, spongy layer, hard layer
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Haplorine
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DIURNAL
DRY NOSES! TARSIERS AND ANTHROPOIDS (all monkeys) |
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Platyrrhine Traits
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LONG BACKS, EQUALLY LONG LIMBS
ARBOREAL SOCIAL DIURNAL (mostly) SMALLER ONES EAT GUMS AND INSECTS (CALLITRICHIDAE) LARGER ONES EAT MORE FRUIT AND LEAVES 3 Premolars--- 2:1:3:3 DENTAL FORMULA! ALL HAVE ECTOTYMPANIC RINGS ALL HAVE TAILS |
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Strepsirhine
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LEMURS AND LORISES
NOCTURNAL DEPENDENT ON SMELL OVER VISION, NO COLOR VISION SOLITARY, ARBOREAL, SMALL MOIST NOSES MOLARS with SHARP, POINTY CUSPS (FOR INSECTS) VERTICAL CLINGERS AND LEAPERS LONG LEGS AND BACKS FOR JUMPING |
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Strepsirhine traits
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Lemurs only in Madagascar
Lorises only in Africa and Asia UNFUSED MANDIBLE LARGE ORBITS AT LEAST 1 GROOMING CLAW! GROOM ECTOTYMPANIC RING SLOW QUADRUPEDALISM GUMIVORY, INSECTIVORY, FRUIT, & LEAVES |
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NWM Dental Formula
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2:1:3:3
EXCEPT FOR CALLITRICHIDAE 2:1:3:2 |
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OWM Dental Formula
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2:1:2:3
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Oldowan Tools
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Africa 2.5-1.4mya
Produced by: Austr. Garhi, H. Habilis, H. Ergaster CHOPPERS AND FLAKES! Production: DIRECT PERCUSSION (using hammer) FLAKES NOT SPECIALIZED NO STANDARDIZATION |
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Acheulian Tools
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Africa, W. Europe, Asia 1.5mya-200kya
Produced by: H. Erectus, H. Ergaster CHOPPERS, HAND AXES SPECIALIZED FLAKES--SCRAPERS AND BURINS Production: Direct percussion, specialized flakes STANDARDIZED TOOL FORM RELATIVELY COMPLICATED PRODUCTION PROCESS |
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Mousterian Tools
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Europe and W. Asia 200-40kya
Produced by: H. Neanderthalensis, H.sapiens FLAKES-- SCRAPERS, BURINS, BLADES, POINTS, KNIVES BI-FACES (2 sided) Production: PREPARED CORE=LEVALLOIS TECHNIQUE MORE MORE MORE specialization, standardization, specialized raw material, complicated technique some bone tools, possible hafting |
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Levallois Technique
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Associated with Mousterian stone tool technology
Involves the preparation of a core prior to removing flakes, thus, a specific core shape is produced to maximize the production of flakes from it |
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Upper Paleolithic Tools
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Europe 40-10kya
Produced by: H. sapiens, possibly neanderthals (for production of Chatelperronian tools only) FLAKES-- BURINS, BORERS, KNIVES, BLADES BONE AND WOOD TOOLS-- SPEAR THROWER (ATLATL), BARBED HARPOONS, BOW AND ARROW, AWLS Production: PUNCH BLADE TECHNIQUE used for making stone blades that can be modified into particular flakes NON STONE RAW MATERIALS (bone, antlers, wood) different tools for different activities HAFTING OF TOOLS to handles of wood, bone, antler, etc. SUPER COMPLICATED |
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Neanderthal Cold-weather stuff
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Robust Limbs and Joints
TURBINATE NASAL BONES |
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Mastoid Process
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Bony area of the cranium slightly below the back of the ear, sticks out from cranium
NECK MUSCLES ATTACH TO THEM |
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Quadrupedalism
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Equal length arms and legs
Long narrow ILLIUM, with BLADE ORIENTED TO THE BACK A-SHAPED RIBS STRAIGHT VERTEBRAL COLUMN INFLEXIBLE INFLEXIBLE INFLEXIBLE LUMBAR REGION! POSTERIOR FORAMEN MAGNUM SMALL MASTOID PROCESSES |
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Knuckle Walking
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LONG ARMS relative to legs
slightly curved fingers robust knuckles |
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Bipedalism
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BIG TOE IN LINE with other toes
LONGITUDINAL ARCH KNEES angle IN from Pelvis Illium is short and broad ILLIum oriented with BLADE ON SIDE--BOWL SHAPED PELVIS BARREL SHAPED RIBCAGE S-SHAPED VERTEBRAL COLUMN, OPEN AND FLEXIBLE LUMBAR REGION ANTERIOR FORAMEN MAGNUM LARGE MASTOID PROCESS TO SUPPORT CRANIUM |
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Brachiation
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gibbons and siamangs +some NWM (Atelids)
short, round pelvis FLEXIBLE LUMBAR region A-SHAPED RIBS LONG ARMS LONG (slightly curved) FINGERS flexible wrist joints ANTERIOR FORAMEN MAGNUM |
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Fission-Fusion
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Specialized multi-male, multi-female
LIVE TOGETHER when sharing ABUNDANT RESOURCES LIVE APART when looking for SCARCE RESOURCES |
