Anthc 213 Terms

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1. Intracultural variability

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that few social groups share a totally homogenous culture.

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2. Cultural Relativism

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beliefs, behaviors and practices in other cultural contexts should not be judged from one’s standards.

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3. Culture of Poverty

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Social theory that expands on cycle of poverty, based on set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention. Created by Oscar Lewis.

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4. Cultural Complexity

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Process through which societies increased their capacity to harness resources from their environment to sustain larger populations.

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5. Bands

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small scale and highly mobile societies.

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6. Foraging Subsistence Mode

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hunting and gathering

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7. Egalitarian Societies

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societies in which all members have an equal right to avail themselves of resources in the territory & there’s an absence of political power.

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8. Tribes

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larger and comprised of distinct groups, whose members claim a genealogical link to each other.

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9. Chiefdoms

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Larger societies

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10. Maritime Coastal Adaptation

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subsistence strategy heavily focused on the exploitation of marine/sea resources.

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11. Paleo-Indian Period

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adaptation period, believed to have happened between 13,000-9,000 years ago.

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12. Archaic Period

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6,000-5,000 years ago, when Caribbean Islands where first populated

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13. Ethnographic Analogy

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Contemporary societies are thought to be representative of those that existed in past times.

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14. Formative Period

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4,000-1,800 years ago, phase of economic, political and social consolidation. Sedentary Lifestyles.

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15. Horizon Period

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1,800-500 years ago. Presence of large scale, regional states that achieved control over far regions.

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16. Chinampas

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Method of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of land to grow crops.

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17. Big Game Specialization

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lifestyle centered on the hunting of large mammals.

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18. Hegemony

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leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

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19. Encomienda

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grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

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20. Encomendero

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In charge of the encomiendas and would pledge to the crown to see over the indian’s wellbeing as well as their conversion to christianism.

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22. Repartimiento

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colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America.

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23. Mitas

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mandatory labor quotas assigned to repartimientos.

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24. Reducciones

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policy through which the Spanish Crown forced indigenous people to resettle into villages, towns and urban settlements surrounded by cultivated fields in order to consolidate its rule.

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25. Cofradías

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Religious brotherhoods, many of which organized religious celebrations and Catholic holidays.

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26. Hacienda

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a large state or plantation. They were of different kinds; some were small, while others were huge and specialized in the production of key crops.

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27. Estancias

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cattle and sheep ranches that emerged especially in Argentina and Uruguay.

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28. Hacendado

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owner of the hacienda for whom the dependant and indigenous workforce spent most of its time working the lands for.

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29. Plantation

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an estate on which crops such as sugar, coffee and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor.

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30. Andean Rebellions

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Rebellions that occurred during the 18th century. Common characteristics

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rebels were poor Andean and indigenous society, key leaders were wealthy, often spurred by colonial economic policies that impoverished large number of Andeans.

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31. Repartimiento de mercancías

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forced sale of goods, one of the causes of Andean rebellions.

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32. Yucatán Caste war

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Conflict centered in the Yucatán peninsula. 1847-1901, hundreds of thousands of people died. Caused by the expansion of cattle ranches and sugar and henequen plantations.

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33. Haiti’s slave Revolution

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Only example of a successful African slave rebellion in the Americas, it lead to the first independent nation-state in Latin America. Some fought while other sided with the French.

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34. Everyday forms of Resistance

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different, subtler, and less confrontational form of resisting colonial rule such as

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working within the colonial legal system that provided indigenous communities with basic legal rights. Also, fleeing to vast stretches of unexplored, difficult-to-reach areas well outside the surveillance and effective reach of colonial officials.

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35. Ethnogenesis

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historical processes of ethnic formation.

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36. Maroon societies

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Communities formed by escaped slaves Also called palenques in some Spanish-speaking regions and quilombos in Brazil (Palmares).

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37. Public Commemorations

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highly visible, shared symbolic ritual mediums through which historical events are remembered.

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38. Race

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grouping of human beings based on the presumption that biological differences separate people into distinct populations.

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39. Ethnicity

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Shared group identity based on the common association of key cultural elements.

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40. Mestizo

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complex/fluid intermediary category between Indian and White

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41. Mulatto

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complex/fluid intermediary category between Black and White

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42. Racial Passing

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Social Process by which an individual moves from one position on a racial hierarchy to another.

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43. Racial Democracy

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term used by some to describe race relations in Brazil. The term denotes some scholars' belief that Brazil has escaped racism and racial discrimination.

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44. Identification

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the meanings that categories such as black/mestizo acquire in social settings and partly through a process of ascription.

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45. Personal Identity

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the meanings that categories such as black/mestizo acquire for the people that self-identify with them.

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46. Hegemonic Racism

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form where Non-Whites people partially adopted and reproduced the racial hierarchies imposed upon them by the White dominant society.

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47. Indigenistas/Indigenismo

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scholars, social theorists, politicians, etc. who argued that the redemption of the Indian race was to be found in a return to pure, Indian past, uncorrupted by the negative impacts of Spanish colonialism – they justified racial segregation in all aspects of life.

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48. Mestizaje

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process of mixing blood.

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49. Ladinos

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Mix of mestizo or hispanicized peoples in Latin America.

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50. Intellectual Property Rights

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legal control over raw materials/resources and their subsequent transformations as well as entitlement to any benefits as a result of these changes.

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51. Conquest Hierarchy

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Changes in gender and religious ideologies and practices of conquered societies, legitimizing and rendering intelligible Inca domination, which spurred from Inca Imperialism.

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52. Gender Inflected Societies

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societies where gender roles and their attendant ideas about sexuality appear as templates for many other domains of culture.

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53. Companionate marriage

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type of marriage in which marital ideal, gender ideologies, relationships, and expectations are far more balanced than they were among previous generations of men and women.