Anth1003 - Anthropological Theories And Approaches

Front 1

What were the three stages that cultures were thought to progress through in cultural evolution theory?

Back 1

Savage --> Barbarian --> Civilized

Front 2

Why, according to cultural evolution theory, did all peoples and cultures evolve along the same pathway?

Back 2

Psychic unity

Front 3

According to cultural evolution theory, other than evolving, how did peoples and cultures learn new stuff?

Back 3

Borrowing and Diffusion from already advanced cultures.

Front 4

Race theory held that different races of humans were actually different ___________.

Back 4

Subspecies

Front 5

Race theory defended slavery, genocide and colonialization on the basis that non-European humans were incapable of what?

Back 5

Civilization/being civilized

Front 6

What theory believed that different races of humans were actually different species?

Back 6

Race theory

Front 7

Race theory opposed Darwinian evolution and cultural evolution, why?

Back 7

Because Race theory held that non-Europeans could not become civilized or have civilization.

Front 8

Diffusion theory had three prominent schools of thought, what were they?

Back 8

The British School, The German-Austrian School and the American School

Front 9

What was the basic idea of Diffusion Theory?

Back 9

That people rarely invent new things and that culture can be traced back to a single, or a few, starting points.

Front 10

Where did the British School of Diffusion Theory believe that most culture came from?

Back 10

They believed it was borrowed from/diffused out from the Egyptians.

Front 11

The American School of Diffusion Theory believed that culture started _________________ and moved ___________.

Back 11

The American School of Diffusion Theory believed that culture started in the middle and moved outwards.

Front 12

The American School of Diffusion Theory believed that bits of culture in the middle of an area were the _____________ and on the edges were the ___________________.

Back 12

The American School of Diffusion Theory believed that bits of culture in the middle of an area were the oldest and on the edges were the youngest.

Front 13

WHO AM I: I am the man who stood firmly opposed to race theory, I was an opponent of social evolution, and I really encouraged fieldwork for anthropologists.

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I am Franz Boas, often called Papa Franz. I was also a folklorist!

Front 14

Psychological Approaches in anthropology generally study what?

Back 14

Psychological Approaches in anthropology generally study the relation between culture and personality.

Front 15

Freudian psychoanalysis was used a lot in what kind of anthropological approach?

Back 15

It was often used in psychological approaches.

Front 16

What is the general idea behind Historical Particularism

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Historical Particularism is based on the idea that cultural traits need to be studied in context.

Front 17

This kind of theory looks at the role that a part of culture plays in maintaining the social system.

Back 17

Functionalism

Front 18

Functionalism had two main schools of thought. Who were the individuals associated with these 2 schools?

Back 18

Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown

Front 19

Malinowski was a functionalist who believed that traits serve the ________________ in a society. This is called __________________ functionalism.

Back 19

Malinowski was a functionalist who believed that traits serve the individuals in a society. This is called individualist functionalism.

Front 20

Radcliffe-Brown was a functionalist who believed that the aspects of culture support the ________ _______. This is called ___________ functionalism.

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Radcliffe-Brown was a functionalist who believed that the aspects of culture support the social structure. This is called structural functionalism.

Front 21

Neoevolution is an anthropological theory that says that man gains more and more control over what?

Back 21

Energy (via technology)

Front 22

Structuralism is a theory of anthropology that is concerned with what? Give 2 examples.

Back 22

Structures of culture. Examples: structures of food (cooked, raw, rotten), structures of activities (play, work, rest), structures of narratives (tales, legends, myths), etc etc etc

Front 23

What kind of anthropologist was Levi-Strauss?

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He was a structuralist.

Front 24

This theory of anthropology attempts to study humans scientifically, without bias, in order to discover the rules of humanity to explain behaviour.

Back 24

Ethnoscience or Cognitive Anthropology

Front 25

This theory of anthropology focuses on studying the influence of the environment on cultures and peoples.

Back 25

Cultural Ecology

Front 26

This theory of anthropology focuses on studying the role of powerful states and how they influence the development of other cultures and societies.

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Political Economy

Front 27

The Evolutionary Ecology Approach focuses on the idea of natural selection in terms of _______ traits AND _________ traits.

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...in terms of physical traits AND social/behavioural traits

Front 28

How do Cultural Ecology and Evolutionary Ecology differ?

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Cultural Ecology focuses on how an adaptation benefits a group. Evolutonary Ecology focuses on how an adaptation benefits an individual.

Front 29

What does the Feminist Anthropological Approach study?

Back 29

The roles of women in society.

Front 30

This kind of anthropological approach stems from literature and is quite new. It works with cultural 'texts' to understand them in new ways.

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Interpretive anthropology.

Front 31

True or false: Postmodernist Anthropology says there is no such thing as true objectivity

Back 31

True. Postmodern anthropology holds that we are ALL people of culture, and we cannot escape that and become wholly "objective"

Front 32

True or false: Postmodernist Anthropology says that because we can never truly know another person, ethnographies (at best) are "useful fictions"

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True! Postmodernist Anthropology says that since we can never REALLY speak for another person, the best we can hope for is to write useful fiction.

Front 33

True or false: In Postmodernist Anthropology, anthropologists are very concerned with speaking for the people they study.

Back 33

False. Postmodernist Anthropology is very concerned with how to let the people speak for themselves.

Front 34

True or false: Postmodernist Anthropology, like other theories, advocates for the 'right way' to do things.

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False. Unlike many theories that came before it, Postmodernist Anthropology theory accepts that there can be many 'right' ways of working and understanding

Front 35

What is general idea of Pragmatic Anthropology Theory?

Back 35

To accept and draw from many theories.

Front 36

WHO AM I: 1809-1882, I coined the term "survival of the fittest" (although it was probably not in English!) and developed the idea of evolution more fully. I also sailed on "The Beagle"

Back 36

Charles Darwin

Front 37

WHO AM I: I came up with the idea of dividing living beings into class, family, phylum, etc.

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Linnaeus

Front 38

WHO AM I: I came up with the idea that adaptations in animals might get passed along from the adapted animal to it's offspring.

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Lamarck

Front 39

WHO AM I: I was a geologist who supported Darwinnian evolution by suggested that the earth is constantly reshaping and that no cataclysmic event had killed off previous 'versions' of animals

Back 39

Lyell

Front 40

WHO AM I: Although I'm not as famous, I agreed with and worked with Darwin on his theories of evolution.

Back 40

Wallace