Anth Midterm 2

Front 1

Rosalind Franklin

Back 1

Discovered the double-helix of DNA. Took Photograph 51 but did not get credit, because Watson and Crick stole it from her.

Front 2

Mendelian Traits

Back 2

Monogenic traits. Only involve one gene, such as what color a pea is going to be.

Front 3

Phenotype

Back 3

Traits you can physically see.

Front 4

Genotype

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Blueprint, internally coded inheritance.

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Dominant

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Only need one dominant gene for that to be the apparent trait.

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Recessive

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Need two recessive traits for the recessive trait to show up.

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Polygenic

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Governed by multiple traits (ie skin color, height, etc)

Front 8

Malaria

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HbA/HbS Gene more likely to survive malaria, less likely to catch it than HbS/HbS gene.

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Blood Types

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1. Discovered by Carl Lanstiner

2. A, B, O, and AB

3. Determined by how many antogens you have in your blood, which produce antibodies.

4. O has no antogens

5. A and B are dominant

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Primates

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1. Over 300 species

2. Two Suborders: Strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorises, galagos), Haplorrhines (new world monkeys and old world monkeys, humans, and apes)

3. Traits: Post-orbital bar, sterepscopic vision, prolonged gestation, short noses, etc.

4. Mostly arboreal, but some terrestrial

5. Mostly diurnal, but some nocturnal, and some cathemural

6. Social, except some (like Orangutans) stay solitary.

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Explanations for primate adaptions

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1. Arboreal Hypothesis: smith and jones. explains that arboreal primates adapted to live in trees.

2. Visual Predation Hypothesis: Cartmill, 1970's. Means that we have forward facing eyes because all predators have forward facing eyes.

3. Frugivory Hypothesis: Sussmen: Adaption for feeding on fruit, similar to bats.

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Primate Locomotion

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Arboreal Quadrupeds: Long tails, flexible spines, curved fingers, laterally placed scapula

Terrestrial Quadrupeds: Reduced tail, short toes, knuckle walkers

Brachiators: Suspendatory, ball and socket joints, no tail, short back

Bipedalism: sigmoid spine, long legs, short broad illium, medially situated femur

Vertical leapers and clingers: Long legs, flexible spines, long curved hands

New World Monkeys: prehensile Tail

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Primitive and Derived Traits

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Primitive traits were traits common ancestors had, derived traits are traits which are new to a certain wave of species. Body hair: For mammals, derived. For primates, primitive.

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Dental Formulae

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Heterodont: Animal possessing more than a single tooth morphology.

1. Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

2. Primitive mammalians: 3.1.4.3.

3. New World Monkeys: 2.1.3.3.

4. old World Monkeys and humans: 2.1.2.3.

Functional morphology: Think of cusps and crests.

Front 15

Brain Size

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1. Ecephelization quotient: 1=normal, 2=twice normal, 3=thrice normal.

2. Monkeys and Apes: 1-4.8

3. Baboons: 2

4. Chimps: 3

5. Humans: 5-8

Front 16

Strepsirrhines infraorder?

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Lemuriformes

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Strepsirrhine superfamilies

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1. Lemuroidia

2. Lorisidae

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Stuff about Strepsirrhines

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Wet nosed, prehensile hands and feet, unfused mandible, no post-orbital closure

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Haplorrhine infraorders

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1. Anthropoidia

-platyrrhini: all new world monkeys

-catarrhini: all old world monkeys and apes and humans

2. Tarsiers

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Catarrhini superfamilies

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1. Cercopithocoidia: old world monkeys

2. Hominoidia: apes and humans

Front 21

Stuff about Happlorrhines

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Dry nosed, post-orbital closure, fused mandible, increased cranial capacity

Front 22

Ring-tailed lemurs

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Only found in Madagascar. Part of lemuroidia. Females are dominant. Live in social units of about ten. Small ones are nocturnal, large ones are diurnal.

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Lorises

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Part of Lorisoidia. Slow climbers. Nocturnal. Found in India, South West Asia, and Africa. Bush babies are lorises.

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Tarsiers

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Nocturnal, exorcist heads, really good ankle bones, male and female pair social unit. Post-orbital closure, but has no bar. Insectivores.

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Drunken Monkeys

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Higley - Studied alcoholism in Macaques and found that alcoholism is dependent on seratonin. Found that alcoholism can be both biological and environmental, as the monkeys also drank more when mother figures weren't around.

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Sexual Dimorphism

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Physical differences in primates.

Body size: pair bonding: similar size, smaller. single male/multi-female = largest, multi-male/multi-female = still quite large.

Testical size: pair bonding = average sized, single male/multi-female = small, multi-male/multi-female = largest

***** MIGHT BE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES.

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Anthropoids

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Means human-like. Stereoscopic color vision, long gestation and maturation periods, first appeared around 50 MYA

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SIV and HIV

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SIV- found in chimp meat. Only a few mutations away from HIV. The trim5 alpha protien doesnt allow humans to shed a coating to begin reproductive process.

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Philopatry in primates

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When the female (in most groups) stay with the native family and males leave. In chimps its the opposite.

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Capuchins

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Super smart monkeys from the movies. South American monkey. They did a study with grapes to see if they had a sense of fair play. If they thought they were being cheated, they refused to eat the grapes.

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Prehensile Tails

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New World Monkeys have this. It means they can grasp stuff with their tails.

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Cercopithecoids

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Old world monkeys. Bilophodont (2.1.2.3) dental formulae. Ishiol calluses on butt. Different ear morphology.

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Japanese Macaques

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Koshima island. Monkeys found in Japan which were observed to experience behavioral transmissions between generations. One Macaque(Imo- female) found that potatoes and rice tasted better when dipped in salt water, and following generations began to adapt to the same habit.

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Baboons

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Most popular of old world monkeys. Live in multi-male/multi-female groups. Males are larger than females, and that's important. Friendships have been observed. Relationships and ranking through grooming. Cheeks which store food.

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Behavioral Ecology

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How behaviors form in regards to ecological context. ie. group size vs. food supply

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Infanticide

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When an infant is killed by a dominant male so the mother will stop lactating, and therefore begin to cycle again so he can breed her. (lactational amenorrhea)

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Estrus and Ovulation

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Estrus- part of ovulation cycle. When the female is in heat. This is when she is most receptive (which means she is open to breeding). preceptivity, however, means the time when she is most wanting to breed.

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Ecological factors influencing primate social behaviors

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1. predator avoidance: larger groups are better at spotting detection

2. predator defense

3. ploy-specific associations: multiple species of primates band together for protection

4. resource distribution

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Harlow's Monkeys

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mother F**KER decided to take innocent baby monkeys away from their mothers and replace them with wire or cloth mothers. those monkeys turned out to be SOMEWHAT normal, but then other monkeys they threw into a cage with NO mother and they turned out to be disasters.

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Monogynous primates

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Gibbons are pair bonded, and tarsiers also tend to be pair bonded.

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Sexual selection

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Males will compete with other males because females are a limited resource.

Sexy Son - Females are most likely to mate with males who are more likely to give them male offspring

Handicap

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Female primates

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Spend a majority of their lives contributing to the reproductive cycle ( pregnant, lactating, carrying children). Dominance in females is determined by socialness and access to abundant resources, these females are more likely to survive.

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Parental investment

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Time spent investing in offspring. Chimps usually spend a lot of time.

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Gibbons

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Suspendatory, monogonous mostly, not very much sexual dimorphism, diurnal, pair bonded, territory, males involved in rearing young.

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Gorillas

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One male/multi-female social grouping. Diurnal. Terrestrial quadrupeds, walking on knuckles, non-territorial, close family units, frugivores

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Orangutans

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Very solitary, lots of rape, territorial, promiscuity, frugivorous, cheek sacs

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Hominoids

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Apes and Humans. Larger body size, stiff backs, large brains relative to body size. Pong, Gorilla, and Hominidae (Pan and Homo)

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K-selected

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Put a lot of investment into young

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R-selected

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Rapid Reproduction

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Dominance

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Males: By violence, mounting, fighting, aggressiveness.

Females: By being a good finder of resources... better chance of surviving.

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Human births

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Very difficult because cranial development begins in utero and continues outside of the womb. Large baby head compared to small birth canal.

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Grooming

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Social behavior, practical purposes of hygiene, peace making, equals groom each other, higher ranks have others groom them,